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MCAT Bio Class 10
Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory System, and Skin
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| muscle | Function: voluntary organ control Location: attached to bones Nuclei: multi-nucleated Microscopic appearance: striated |
| microfilaments | the sarcomere is made up of ___________ |
| actin, myosin | the 2 microfilaments that make up the sarcomere are ________ and __________ |
| sarcomeres | the myofibril is composed of a string of ______________ |
| myofibrils | a muscle cell/myofiber/myocyte is made up of a bundle of ______ |
| muscle | a fascicle is made up of a bundle of _________ fibers |
| fascicles | the whole muscle is made up of a bundle of _________ |
| sarcoplasm | the name of the cytoplasm specifically inside a muscle cell |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | the netting wrapped around myofibrils that store Ca2+ |
| t-tubules | these structures of a muscle cell are wrapped around myofibrils like a rubber band and cause deep invaginations into the PM so that the whole muscle can contract; represented by the Z line |
| sarcomere | a unit of contraction |
| no | do protein filaments change in length? |
| H zone | this part of the sarcomere only contains myosin |
| A band | this part of the sarcomere contains both actin and myosin |
| I band | this part of the sarcomere only contains actin |
| Z band | this part of the sarcomere is where the actin filaments attach to and represents the t-tubules |
| actin, cross-bridge | in the first step of the sliding filament theory: - myosin binds to _________ - ________-_________ is formed - requires Ca2+ |
| power stroke, ADP | in the second step of the sliding filament theory: - myosin pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere in a motion called the ________ ________ - Z lines move closer together - ________ is released |
| ATP | in the third step of the sliding filament theory: - myosin releases actin - the presence of __________ is required |
| high, hydrolysis | in the fourth step of the sliding filament theory: - myosin resets to its _____ energy state - ATP __________ is required |
| H zone, I band, A band | when the muscle is fully contracted - the ____ _________ disappears completely - most, but not all, of the ___ ________ disappears - almost completely ___ _________ remaining |
| ATP, calcium | cross-bridge cycling can continue as long as ______ is available for use and ________ is present |
| relax | when you run out of ATP, you muscle can't _________ (rigor mortis) |
| asynchronously | myosin head groups operate _____________ (think of horse in the mud analogy) |
| tropomyosin | this is wrapped around actin and blocks myosin-binding sites |
| troponin | when Ca2+ binds to this molecule, it induces a confirmation change which lifts tropomyosin from the myosin-binding sites so myosin can bind |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum, cytosol | the excitation part of excitation-contraction coupling in muscle: - muscle cell depolarizes --> opens VG Ca 2+ channels on the _____________ ______________ ---> Ca2+ enters the ________ |
| motor unit | this describes a neuron + all of the muscle cells it controls; can be large or small, contraction is all-or-nothing |
| motor units | contraction force is graded based on the number of _______ ________ recruited (why you have the ability to squeeze a pencil at different forces) |
| gross | large motor units contain 1000s cells/neuron and a few large motor units are used in _______ motor control; in muscles like the quad |
| fine | small motor units contain 10-20 cells/neurons and many small motor units are used in _______ motor control; in muscles like the eye |
| 1, fastest | the hydrolysis of creatine phosphate produces ____ ATP and is considered the _______ route of energy sourcing |
| 2 | glycolysis is an anaerobic process and produces _____ ATP; moderately fast |
| 30, slowest | aerobic respiration produces _____ ATP but is considered the _______ route of energy sourcing |
| myoglobin | ___________ stores oxygen and has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin |
| hemoglobin | ___________ transports oxygen and has a lower affinity for oxygen than myoglobin |
| debt | oxygen ________ describes the fact that extra oxygen is needed after exercise to replenish MB-O2 stores and convert lactic acid into pyruvate |
| right | when the body is metabolically active, the sigmoidal curve (representing the cooperative relationship between % saturation Hb and O2 concentration) shifts ________ |
| bohr | the ______ shift describes the shift in the sigmoidal curve representing cooperative binding of oxygen to the right when the body is metabolically active |
| increases, decreases | when the Bohr shift occurs - the CO2 concentration and temperature of the body _________ - the pH and affinity of Hb for O2 __________ |
| slow, high, dense, slow, high, high, low | red oxidative muscle (marathon runner) - ________ twitch - ________ [myoglobin] - ________ capillary network - ________ speed of contraction - ________ mitochondria count - _________ fatigue resistance - _________ amount of force generated |
| fast, medium, medium, fast, medium, medium, medium | white oxidative muscle (10K runner) - ________ twitch - ________ [myoglobin] - ________ capillary network - ________ speed of contraction - ________ mitochondria count - _________ fatigue resistance - _________ amount of force generated |
| low, sparse, fast, low, low, high | white fast twist muscle (sprinter) - ________ [myoglobin] - ________ capillary network - ________ speed of contraction - ________ mitochondria count - _________ fatigue resistance - _________ amount of force generated |
| cardiac muscle | Function: involuntary control Stimulation: autorhythmic Location: heart Nuclei: uni-nucleate Appearance: striated |
| smooth muscle, sarcomeres | Function: involuntary control Stimulation: neural, hormonal, mechanical Nuclei: uni-nucleate Appearance: not striated ---> means it doesn't contain ________ |
| blast | the suffix for cells that are: immature, can divide, produce the matrix |
| cyte | the suffix for cells that are mature, do not divide, maintain the matrix |
| fibers | the matrix contains different types of _________, such as collagen and elastin |
| collagen | a fiber in the matrix that gives the matrix strength |
| elastin | a fiber in the matrix that gives the matrix the ability to recoil |
| glop | _________ refers to the ground substance in the matrix: can be a liquid (plasma) or a solid (bone crystals) |
| bone | Functions of ________: - support and movement - protection - blood cell formation - mineral storage |
| diaphysis | the middle part of the bone |
| epiphysis | the end parts of the bone |
| medullary cavity | in the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow; fat storage |
| spongy bone | in the epiphysis; filled with red marrow; where blood cells form |
| epiphysial plate | this is the band of cartilage that sits between the epiphysis and diaphysis; as we grow, this cartilage pushes the epiphyses apart and becomes compact bone |
| osteons | fundamental functional unit of the compact bone; found surrounding the medullar cavity |
| central canal | the center of the osteon contains the _________ ________ surrounded by concentric rings; contains blood vessels and nerves |
| osteocytes | these are cells found along the concentric rings within the osteon; form a network connecting them to the central canal |
| canaliculi | these are canals that branch off of lacunae, which is a small space containing an osteocyte |
| metabolically | bone is a _____________ - active tissue |
| turnover | bone ____________ describes the process in which bone is constantly being broken down and remade; aka. calcium cycle |
| PTH | one of the main hormones in the calcium cycle: - increases Ca2+ in blood - dissolves bone |
| PTH | increases absorption of Ca2+ in intestines and increases reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys |
| calcitonin | one of the main hormones in the calcium cycle: - decreases Ca2+ in blood - makes bones |
| calcitonin | decreases absorption of Ca2+ in intestines and decreases reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys |
| vitamin d | aka. calcitriol; increases PTH effects, produced by the __________, reaches intestines and increases Ca2+ absorption in intestines |
| osteoclasts | phagocytes, bone dissolvers, increase blood Ca2+ concentration |
| respiratory | Function of this system is gas exchange, pH regulation |
| ventilation | process of moving air in and out |
| respiration | the process of gas exchange; occurs internally between the blood and the tissues; occurs externally between the lungs and the blood |
| conduction | 4 parts of the ________________ zone: nose/nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea |
| nasal cavity | this warms, moistens and filters the air; contain respiratory epithelium |
| cilia, mucus | the respiratory epithelium contain cells with ______ and goblet cells which produce ___________ |
| pharynx | 3 regions of the ___________: naso-, oro-, laryngo-; this region contains flatter cells that are more robust |
| larynx | this region of the conduction zone is all cartilage making it very flexible and rigid; maintains open airways; creates separate paths for air and food; sound production due to folds |
| epiglottis | the flap that blocks the trachea when you swallow food so it only goes down the esophagus |
| trachea | this region of the conduction zone has alternating rings of cartilage and connective muscle; contains smooth muscle; branches into left and right 1° bronchi |
| smooth | ________ muscle in the trachea regulates the speed of air flow |
| primary | (primary/secondary/tertiary) bronchi contain rings of cartilage, have very little smooth muscle, and are lined with tall cells with cilia |
| secondary | (primary/secondary/tertiary) bronchi contain irregular plates of cartilage, have a medium amount of smooth muscle, lined with medium-sized cells with cilia |
| tertiary | (primary/secondary/tertiary) bronchi contain no cartilage, is all smooth muscle, lined with short cell with no cilia |
| dilates | the sympathetic nervous system _________ air pathways so more oxygen can pass through |
| respiratory | the ____________ zone is where gas exchange occurs |
| no | does gas exchange occur in the terminal brochiole |
| alveolar, walls | organization of the respiratory zone: terminal bronchiole --> respiratory duct --> _________ duct --> alveolar sac --> alveoli _________ |
| sac | the alveolar ____ is an arrangement of alveoli |
| I | type ___ cells make up the alveolar walls |
| II | type ___ cells surround the alveolar walls and secrete surfactant |
| surfactant | this substance decreases surface tension inside alveolus and makes breathing easier |
| chest, negative | lungs are stuck to the inside wall of the ______ cavity due to _________ pleural pressure |
| lungs | the regulation of the size of the chest cavity regulates the size of the ________ |
| no | is there smooth muscle in the lung? |
| inhalation, decreases, enters | the first step of ventilation; active step; contracts diaphragm --> increases the size of the cavity which __________ pressure, air ________ the lungs |
| expiration, increases, leaves | the second step of ventilation; passive step; relaxation of the diaphragm; lung elastic recoil; decreases size of cavity which ___________ pressure; air _________ the lungs |
| forced expiration | passive step becomes active; lungs lack elasticity --> have a hard time relaxing --> contract abdominal muscles to push diaphragm |
| fast | respiratory pH regulation is _____ |
| carbon dioxide | ventilation rate is based on the need to exhale _________ _________ |
| hyperventilate, decreases | decrease in pH --> increase in [H+] --> your body wants to shift chemical equilibrium to the left ∴ you _________________ --> _____________ CO2 concentration |
| hypoventilate, increases | increase in pH --> decrease in [H+] --> your body wants to shift chemical equilibrium to the right ∴ you _________________ --> _____________ CO2 concentration |
| epidermis | this layer of the skin contains epithelial tissue |
| dermis | this layer of the skin contains connective tissue |
| hypodermis | this layer of the skin contains fat |
| cold, constriction | when you are ______ --> no sweat, shivering, vaso _____________ |
| hot, dilation | when you are ______ --> sweat, no shivering, vaso ____________ |
Created by:
coletty218
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