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Urbanization Unit 6
AP HUG
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Urban | city |
| Site | absolute location |
| situation | relative location in reference to surrounding features |
| streetcar suburb | settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines |
| redevelopment | a set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times |
| metropolis | A large and densely populated city |
| metropolitan statistical area | a region with at least one urbanized area as its core (in the US) |
| Micropolitan statistical area | a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people as its core |
| suburb | a populated area on the outskirts of a city |
| Urbanization rate | The percentage of a nation's population living in towns and cities |
| metacities | regional population over 20 million |
| megacities | regional population over 10 million |
| suburbanization | The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city |
| sprawl | The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner |
| automobile cities | cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership |
| decentralize | in urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs |
| edge city | nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities; “mini downtowns”, usually have tall buildings, concentrated retail, & few residences & are located near the convergence of major transportation routes |
| Boomburb | More than 100,000 residents that is not a core city: a suburb that has become a city because it got so big |
| infill development | the building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already–developed areas |
| exurb | A semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well–to–do families |
| world city | a city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world's commercial networks and financial markets (also called a global city) |
| gated community | privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or gate surrounding it |
| Urban hierarchy | a ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top |
| rank–size rule | The population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy\n(City A– top; city B= 1/2A; City C= 1/3 A; City D= 1/4 A, etc) |
| Primate city | one city is much larger than any other city in the country and dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life |
| Central Place Theory | model developed by Christaller, explains why cities are located where they are |
| Threshold | The number of people required to support a business (in central place theory) |
| Range | The distance people will travel to acquire a good (in central place theory) |
| Gravity Model | The idea that the closer two places are, the more they will influence each other |
| Concentric Zone Model/ Burgess Model | |
| Hoyt Sector Model | |
| Multiple–Nuclei Model (Harris & Ullman) | |
| Galactic City Model (Peripheral model) | |
| Urban Bid Rent Theory | |
| Latin American city Model | |
| Southeast Asian City Model | |
| Gentrification | The displacement of lower–income residents by higher–income residents as an area or neighborhood improves |
| Sub–Saharan Africa City Model | |
| Zoning regulations | laws that dictate how land can be used |
| fiscal squeeze | When city revenue cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services on decaying urban infrastructure |
| Built environment | human–made space in which people live, work, etc. |
| smart growth | policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation |
| compact design | Development that grows up rather than out |
| diverse housing options | policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families at all life stages and income levels within a neighborhood |
| Mixed land use | interspersal of different types of development in a neighborhood (residential, business, entertainment, etc) |
| New Urbanism | an approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European–style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types within walking distance to shopping, jobs, and public transportation |
| greenbelt | a zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas |
| slow–growth cities | a city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally (decrease sprawl) |
| Redlining | practice of identifying high risk neighborhoods and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in these areas. |
| Blockbusting | a practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners to sell their homes by convincing them that the property values are decreasing because of black families moving in |
| white flight | The mass movement of white, middle class, people from the city to the suburbs |
| Environmental racism | When residential areas of low–income people of color are used for high contamination projects (like dumps, sewage, highways) |
| squatter settlements | temporary and illegal housing |
| Inclusionary zoning (IZ) | City planning that requires a certain amount of new construction to be affordable for people with low incomes |
| exclusionary zoning | Zoning that attempts to keep low & moderate income people out of a neighborhood |
| NIMBYs | not in my backyard: people who try to stop affordable housing in their neighborhood |
| urban renewal | large–scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtowns |
| fiscal imbalance | when a government spends more than it receives in taxes |
| fiscal zoning | The practice of using local land–use regulation to preserve the local property tax base |
| urban heat island | a mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits in a city |
| urban footprint | The spatial extent of an urban area's impact on the natural environment |
| urban risk divide | the idea that natural disasters become an urban phenomenon as more people live in cities |
| Brownfields | Properties whose use or development may be complicated by the presences of hazardous substances or pollutants |
Created by:
jpastel
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