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comm ch 7-8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Myths about Listening | Hearing is the same as listening (you hear but don’t comprehend), Listening is natural and effortless (it’s a practiced skill), All listeners hear the same message (up to interpretation) |
| Nature of Listening | listening is the active process of making meaning out of another person’s spoken message |
| Listening Styles | habitual pattern of listening behavior that represents different goals for listening |
| Relational Style | to build relationships, extroverts |
| Task-Oriented Style | only wants main points to minimize time to act |
| Critical Style | intellectual challenging for the party: think deeply about data & evidence |
| Analytical Style | neutral observer of all sides of the issue, without judgement until they know all sides of information; Switzerland |
| HURIER model: stages of effective listening | Hearing Understanding Remembering Interpreting Evaluating Responding |
| Hearing | gathering information, aural stimuli |
| Barriers to effective listening (noise): | anything that distracts us from listening to what we wish to listen to |
| Physical noise | loud things from environment |
| Psychological noise | mental thoughts and processing |
| Responding | communicating your attention and understanding to others through various forms of feedback |
| Backchanneling | verbal or nonverbal responses that one can give without interrupting the speaking party |
| Paraphrasing | rephrase something in our own words to avoid misunderstandings |
| Empathizing | agreeing with the person’s feelings |
| Supporting | agreeing with the person’s opinion and ideas |
| Analyzing | crafting a response depending on the situation and person |
| Advising | recommending solutions and advises |
| Ways of Listening | Information listening (for new information), Critical listening (carefully evaluating information and judging it), Empathic listening (to provide comfort and support to the speaker) |
| Pseudo-listening: | pretending to listen but not actually listening |
| Selective Attention | listening to what you want to listen to (name, material on test) |
| Information Overload | receiving too much information or stimulus at a time |
| Glazing Over | mind stops paying attention for a moment, daydreaming |
| Rebuttal Tendency | preparing a rebuttal to the argument instead of hearing the response |
| Narcissistic Listening | listening for an opportunity to talk about themselves |
| Emotions | the body’s multidimensional response to any event that enhances or inhibits a person’s goals |
| Subjective experiences | emotions vary by person |
| Valenced experiences | negative or positive emotion |
| Physiological arousal | body’s response outside of your control: shaking, crying, red face |
| Cognitive – thought interruption | other thoughts that takes over the brain, priority based |
| Behavioral expression | gestures, postures, mannerisms |
| Adaptive response | emotions changes base on situation |
| Moods | downgrading and holding that emotion for a LONG time, LOW intensity (anger) |
| Feelings | fleeting emotion that last a SHORT time, stimulus usually is not directly related to you |
| How Are Emotions Displayed? | Kinesic cues (postures, gestures), Affect displays (facial expressions specific to emotion) |
| Cognitive Appraisal Theory | how you think about a situation can influence how you feel about it |
| Emotional reactions | Situational (emotions change depending on situation), Vary from person to person |
| Steps of the emotional reaction process | Emotional stimulus (situation, context), Appraisal of the stimulus (thinking about the situation), Experience of the emotion (you feel the emotion), Behavioral response/action (you act upon it) |
| Appraisal | an individual’s assessment of a particular situation, varies from person to person |
| Common appraisals | Attribution (internal: personal character, and external: something happened), Attention (priority based) |
| Appraisal determines the emotion experienced (cause and effect) | loss -> sadness, wronged/goal hindrance -> angry, goal achievement -> happiness, danger/threat -> fear |
| For every particular emotion, there is a typical behavioral response or action | sadness -> protest that lost, anger -> hurt the target, happiness -> continued enjoyment of situation (replay, retell), fear -> freeze or flee |
| Reappraisal | strategy to change the way you think about a situation to decrease emotional experience (make emotions positive) |
| How to reappraise: | Think about emotional situation in a non-emotional term, I feel vs. I think |
| Suppression | strategy to change the way you express an emotion that is felt (minimizing behavioral response) |
| How to suppress: | Breathing exercises, Simulation: pretend you’re not feeling an emotion by presenting another emotion |
| attention focus | don't pay attention to certain things |
| deactivation | becoming numb to the world around us, removing themselves from society |
Created by:
aychan
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