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comm ch 5-6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| constitutive rules | define word meaning; Tell us which words represent which objects: words and their corresponding meaning |
| Regulative rules | govern how we use language when we communicate verbally, guiding everything from spelling and sentence structure to how to participate in a conversation |
| dialects | words that only people of a region use: y'all, buggy, pop, coke |
| language is... | symbolic, governed by rules, flexible, cultural, and evolving |
| Sapir-whorf hypothesis | Language influences the ways that members of a culture see the world, and that the attitudes and behaviors of a culture’s people are reflected in its language |
| positive communication climate | use confirming messages, minimize disconfirming messages, avoid making others defensive, provide effective feedback, own your thoughts and feelings |
| Use confirming messages | recognition (text back, respond, eye contact), acknowledgment (nonverbal responses, reiteration), endorsement (agree with them) |
| Minimizing disconfirming messages | Impervious response (ignoring the other person), Verbal abuse, Generalized complaining, Irrelevant response, Impersonal response (cliches responses that are not helpful; yeah, life is tough) |
| Defensiveness | excessive concern with guarding myself oneself against threat of criticism (criticize the other person back) |
| Supportiveness | feeling of assurance that others care and will protect you (putting the other person on the same team) |
| Evaluation vs. Description: | gives opinion about their behavior, judge vs. neutral facts |
| Control- vs. Problem-orientation | demands vs. asks, collaborate, offer solution |
| Strategy vs. Spontaneity | trying to manipulate their response, withholding information; predetermined, passive, & impressive vs. straightforward, expressive |
| Neutrality vs. Empathy | detached to the situation vs. show emotion |
| Superiority vs. Equality | high power distance vs. low power distance |
| Certainty vs. Provisionalism | closed to discussion vs. open to differences |
| Non-evaluative feedback | If someone just wants to be heard and understood No solution is desired |
| Evaluative feedback | If someone wants or needs your input |
| Use “I” language | Takes ownership |
| Avoid “You” language | Shifts blame to others, detach from yourself |
| Vocab & verbal | words with sound |
| Non-vocal & verbal | texts, writings |
| Vocal & nonverbal | made sound; clap, scream |
| Non-vocal & nonverbal | facial expressions, raising hand |
| Nonverbal Communication | behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words |
| metacommunication | communicating about what you are trying to communicate, indirect cues, reading between lines |
| Functions of Nonverbal Communication: | Manage conversations, Express emotions, Maintain relationships, Form impressions (first impressions, judgements), Influence others (with gestures), Conceal information (reassuring gestures from liars) |
| Facial Expression | innate expressions of emotion |
| Vocal Expression | pitch, loudness, rate of speech |
| Immediacy behaviors | shows involvement and interest in a conversation; nodding, smiling, eye contact |
| Maintaining Relationship: | Attraction & affiliation: Immediacy behaviors (shows involvement and interest in a conversation; nodding, smiling, eye contact), Power: posture (leaning over people), Body orientation (where you face when talking), Arousal & relaxation Arousal & |
| Kinesics | body movements that communicate: Body posture, Gestures, Facial expression, Eye movement, |
| Gestures | Emblems (thumps up), Illustrators (length, steepness illustrated through hand gestures with verbal context), Regulators (stop, keep talking through hand gestures), Adaptors (actions you do unintentionally: hair twirl, foot stomping) |
| Touch (Haptics) | Affectionate (holding hands, hugging, rubbing back), Caregiving (patting back, hugging), Power-control (politicians shaking hands), Aggressive (hitting, shoving, punching), Ritualistic (forehead touching, kissing cheek) |
| Proxemics | use of space |
| Personal distance | Invisible, Portable (happens everywhere, wherever you are), Adjustable (distance changes as more people enter an elevator), Actively maintained |
| Artifacts | objects and visual features in an environment reflecting who we are and what we like |
| adaptors | actions you do unintentionally: hair twirl, foot stomping |
| linguistic determinism | differences in languages and their structures completely determine how people think and interact with the world around them (a strong barrier) |
| linguistic relativity | language partly influences one's view of the world but does not determine it (weak barrier) |
Created by:
aychan
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