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Biochemistry
Midterm 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| facts about insulin | -made in beta cells -secreted by one gene and forms 2 cross-linked peptides -binds to insulin receptor tyrosine kinase -stimulated by high glucose |
| facts about glucagon | -made in alpha cells -stimulated by epinephrine -binds to G-protein coupled receptors |
| what is the path for glycogen synthesis? | glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, UDP-glucose, glycogen |
| what is the path for glycogen degradation? | glycogen + Pi, glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate |
| what is the path for glycogen regulation? | -making/eating=synthase on and phosphorylase off -breaking/hungry=synthase off and phosphorylase on -calcium activates phosphorylase in exercising muscle |
| what is the result of glucose-6-phosphate translocase deficiency and glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency? | severe fasting hypoglycemia |
| what is the pyruvate carboxylase reaction? | pyruvate + CO2 + ATP = oxaloacetate + ADP |
| what is PEP carboxylase reaction? | oxaloacetate + GTP = PEP carboxykinase + CO2 + GDP |
| what is the pyruvate kinase regulation? | -glucose is down so pyruvate kinase is off and phosphorylated -glucose is up so pyruvate kinase is on and dephosphorylated |
| you just ate what is the impact on the bifunctional enzyme? | -PFK is active and dephosphorylated -FBP is inactive and phosphorylated |
| you skipped a meal what is the impact on the bifunctional enzyme? | -PFK is inactive and phosphorylated -FBP is active and dephosphorylated |
| what is the product of alanine, alpha-ketoglutarate, and an aminotransferase? | glutamate -alpha-ketoglutarate is glutamate |
| what is the product of alanine, oxaloacetate, and an aminotransferase? | aspartate -oxaloacetate is aspartate |
| what is the product of alanine, alpha-ketoglutarate, and an aminotransferase? | alanine -alanine is pyruvate |
| a newborn baby has hyperammonemia, further tests show a build up of what intermediates? | -L-arginine + argininosuccinate lyase -L-ornithine + arginase -L-citrulline + ornithine transcarbamoylase -arginosuccinate + arginosuccinate synthetase |
| where does glutamine come from? | liver |
| where does alanine come from? | muscle |
| what is acquired hyperammonemia? | liver disfunction |
| what is congenital hyperammonemia? | -genetic deficiencies of any of the five urea cycle enzymes, such as ornithine transcarboxylase deficiency -phenylbutyrate treatment |
| what converts branch chain amino acids to their alpha-keto acid forms? | branched-chain amino acid transferase |
| what converts branch chain alpha-keto acids to their CoA forms? | branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase |
| what does methyl malonyl CoA mutase use? | ado-B-12 |
| what does methionine synthase use? | -met-B-12, B-9, and B-6 |
| what is vitamin is the methyl donor? | THF (B-9) is a methyl donor |
| what is the sulfur donor for cysteine? | homocysteine is a sulfur donor |
| what is required to form cysteine? | B-6 is required for cysteine |
| what is maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)? | mutation in branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase |
| what generates acetyl CoA? | ATP citrate lyase |
| how do you activate acetyl CoA? | acetyl CoA carboxylase |
| what are the substrates of the condensation reaction? | malonyl CoA + 2 NADPH (per cycle) |
| what are the products of the condensation reaction? | CO2 + NADP(+) + H2O + palmitate (overall product) |
| where does glycerol-3-phosphate come from? | dihydroxyacetone phosphate + NADH |
| you just ate what is the impact on the hormone-sensitive lipase? | hormone-sensitive lipase if off and dephosphorylated |
| you just skipped a meal what is the impact on the hormone-sensitive lipase? | hormone-sensitive lipase if on and phosphorylated |
| how are fatty acids transferred from the cytosol to the cell matrix? | fat enters with transporters (cytosol), goes through carnitine palmitoyl-transferase (intermembrane), attached to CoA (matrix) |
| what is the fatty acid degradation pathway? | carbon-carbon double bond (FAD) + acyl CoA dehydrogenase, H2O + enoyl CoA, 3-hydroxyacyl CoA + 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, 3-ketoacyl CoA + beta-ketoacyl CoA thiolase, fatty acyl CoA + acetyl CoA |
| how many ATPS do you get from butyryl CoA? | 29 |
| how many ATPS do you get from 2-ene-butyryl CoA/3-hydroxybutyryl/acetoacetyl CoA? | 27 |
| how many ATPS do you get from 3-ketobutyryl CoA? | 24 |
| what produces ketone bodies? | liver -acetoacetyl CoA, HMG CoA, acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate |
| what does 3-hydroxybutyrate become? | acetoacetate |
| you just ate what is the impact on the acetyl CoA carboxylase? | acetyl CoA carboxylase is on and dephosphorylated |
| you just skipped a meal what is the impact on the acetyl CoA carboxylase? | acetyl CoA carboxylase is off and phosphorylated |
| what makes fat? | acetyl CoA carboxylase |
| what releases fat? | hormone-sensitive lipase |
| what are the 2 sources of nitrogen in urea? | aspartate and ammonia |
| what reaction does phospholipase c catalyze? | hydrolysis of phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5 bisphosphate |
| what are products of phospholipase c? | diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) |
| what activates protein kinase c? | calcium and diacylglycerol (DAG) |
| where do prostaglandins come from? | arachidonic acid 20:4, poly-unsaturated, w-6 |
| what acts on arachidonic acid? | cyclooxygenase |
| what is baby aspirin used for? | to inhibit cyclooxygenase in blood platelets reducing blood clotting |
| what is a sulfatide? | ceramide (sphingosine) plus sugar |
| what is a ganglioside? | ceramide plus more than one sugar, where one sugar is oxidized |
| what is a sphingomyelin? | ceramide plus phosphate plus choline |
| what is a glucocerebroside? | ceramide +glucose |
| what is Tay-Sachs disease? | accumulation of gangliosides |
| what is Gaucher disease? | accumulation of glucocerebrosides looks like crumpled tissue paper |
| what is Niemann-Pick disease? | accumulation of sphingomyelin looks foamy |
| cholesterol pathway | 2 acyl CoA, acetoacyl CoA, 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl CoA |
| what happens to mevalonte? | becomes an isoprene |
| what is the name of the 10 carbon terpene? | geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) |
| what is the name of the 15 carbon terpene? | feranyl pyrophosphate (FPP) |
| what is the name of the 30 carbon terpene? | Squalene |
| cholesterol regulation | phosphorylated and off |
| what do statins do? | inhibit HMG-CoA reductase |
| why do gallstones form? | cholelithiasis: deficiency in bile acids and salts |
| what is the name for diseases involving biosynthesis of steroid derived from cholesterol? | congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
| what is required for phospholipid synthesis? | CTP |
| what does lipoxygenase do? | converts arachidonic acid to the first leukotriene |
| what is the HMG-CoA reaction? | HMG-CoA + 2 NADPH=Mevalonate + 2 NADP+ |
| what is turns HMG-CoA off? | phosphorylated and off, hungry |
| what turns HMG-CoA on? | dephosphorylated and active to make TAG and fatty acids, eating |
| what is PRPP generation? | ribose 5-phosphate + 2 ATP= PRPP |
| what starts purine synthesis? | glutamine + PRPP |
| what makes up IMP? | base: hypoxanthine nucleoside: inosine |
| what is required for purine synthesis? | FAD/FADH2 |
| how is orotic aciduria treated? | administration of uridine |
| how do you form ATP (mitochondria)? | IMP, AMP, ADP, ATP |
| how do you form GTP? | IMP, GMP, GDP, GTP |
| how do you form UTP? | IMP, UMP, UDP, UTP |
| how do you form CTP? | IMP, UMP, UDP, UTP, CTP |
| what is Lesch-Nyhan syndrome? | deficiency in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase |
| how do you form dATP? | IMP, AMP, ADP, dADP, dATP |
| how do you form dGTP? | IMP, GMP, GDP, dGDP, dGTP |
| how do you form dCTP? | IMP, UMP, UDP, CTP, CDP, dCDP, dCTP |
| how do you form dUTP? | IMP, UMP, UDP, dUDP, dUTP |
| how do you form TTP? | IMP, UMP, UDP, dUDP, dUMP, dTMP, dTDP, dTTP |
| what does 5-FU do? | inhibits thymidylate synthase |
| what are the two treatments for gout? | allopurinol: xanthine inhibition (over excretion) probenecid: under excretion |
| what are the two most common causes of hypoglycemia? | insulin induced and alcohol and fasting |
| what causes alcohol and fasting hypoglycemia? | inhibition of gluconeogenesis pushes ketoacids into hydroxy acid forms |
| what describes onset of type 1 diabetes? | diabetic ketoacidosis, immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, high blood glucose, high ketone bodies |
| what is the treatment for type 1 diabetes? | standard/conventional insulin therapy |
| what describes the onset of type 2 diabetes? | insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia |
| what is the treatment for type 2 diabetes? | metformin |
| what describes the onset of late-stage type 2 diabetes? | insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, no insulin production |
| what is the treatment for late-stage type 2 diabetes? | metformin and insulin |
| what are microvascular complications? | retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy |
| what are macrovascular complications? | cardiovascular disease and stroke |
Created by:
Hopethisworks
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