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MCAT Bio Class 7
Endocrine, CV, Immune, Lymphatic Systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| endocrine | type of gland that produces hormones that end up directly into the blood circulation |
| endocrine | type of gland that is ductless |
| exocrine | type of gland that produces productsthat end up in body cavities or outside of the body, such as sweat, tears, mucus, ear wax, bile, semen, etc. |
| exocrine | type of gland that has ducts |
| mucus | the only product of the exocrine gland that doesn't require ducts is ___________ |
| amino acids | peptide hormones are made of _________ |
| cholesterol | steroid hormones are made of ___________ |
| surface | peptide hormone receptors are found on the __________ of the cell |
| inside | steroid hormone receptors are found on the ___________ of the cell |
| 2nd messenger | the mechanism in which peptide hormones induce their effects is the _____ ____________ system |
| nucleus, TF | steroid hormones induce their effects by entering the __________ of the cell and acting as a _______ |
| fast | the speed of the effects of peptide hormones is _________ |
| slow | the speed of the effects of steroid hormones is ___________ |
| temporary | the longevity of the effects of peptide hormones is ___________ |
| permanent | the longevity of the effects of steroid hormones is more __________ |
| neural | the type of control of hormone release which involves an AP causing the release of hormones |
| hormonal | the type of control of hormone release which involves hormones causing the release of other hormones; tropic |
| humoral | the type of control of hormone release which involves something in the blood, not itself a hormone, causing the release of a hormone; eg. glucose, Ca2+, Na2+ |
| hypothalamus | the ____________ is controlled neurally (in brain) and humorally (involved in homeostasis) |
| anterior pituitary | this type of gland is made of gland tissue; aka. adenohypophysis |
| posterior pituitary | this type of gland is made from nervous tissue; aka. neurohypophysis |
| anterior pituitary | this type of gland makes and secretes hormones and is controlled hormonally by the hypothalamus |
| posterior pituitary | this type of gland stores and secretes hypothalamic hormones and is controlled neurally by the hypothalamus |
| portal veins | hormone making cells in the hypothalamus secrete hormones into hypothalamic __________ __________ which facilitate localized, direct delivery of these hormones, thus prompting anterior pituitary hormone making cells to produce the same hormone |
| arteries | these structures always carry blood away from the heart |
| oxygenated | arteries carry __________ blood, with the exception of the pulmonary artery |
| de-oxygenated | veins carry ____________ blood, with the expection of the pulmonary vein |
| high | the pressure in the arteries is _______ |
| true | T/F: arteries have muscular walls |
| true | T/F: arteries are elastic |
| veins | these structures carry blood toward the heart |
| low | the pressure in the veins is __________ |
| veins | in the __________, blood moves by body movement |
| arteries | in the __________, blood moves via the pressure gradient |
| false | T/F: veins have muscular walls |
| false | T/F: veins are elastic |
| capillaries | the site of nutrient/waste exchange based on the fact that there are lots of thin cells are pores |
| more | there is _________ fluid leakage than fluid absorption in the capillary beds |
| lymphatic vessels | these structures uptake fluid surrounding the capillary beds and deliver it back into the veins |
| lymph nodes | lymphatic vessels contain _________ __________ which are concentrated in areas of white blood cells and take part in the filtration of the fluid being reabsorbed by the lymphatic system |
| thicker | the left ventricular wall is __________ than the right ventricular wall because it needs high pressure to pump blood out of the heart |
| tricuspid | this AV valve connects the right atrium to the right ventricle |
| bicupsid | the AV valve (aka. mitral valve) connects the left atrium to the left ventricle |
| opens | when pressure is high in the atrium, the AV valve ________ |
| closes | when pressure is low in the atrium, the AV valve ________ |
| pulmonary semilunar | the ___________ ____________ valve connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery |
| aortic semilunar | the __________ ____________ valve connects the left ventricle to the aorta |
| systole | describes the time the heart spends contracted |
| diastole | describes the time the heart spends relaxed |
| AV, systole | the first sound of the heart ("lub") occurs when the __________ valve closes and marks the beginning of ________ |
| semilunar, diastole | the second sound of the heart ("dub") occurs when the __________ valve closes and marks the beginning of ____________ |
| heart rate | cardiac output is directly proportional to _________ _______ which can be increased due to exercise, stress, sympathetic NS, epinephrine, or caffeine |
| stroke volume | cardiac output is directly proportional to ________ ______ which is directly proportional to blood volume |
| directly | blood pressure is ___________ proportional to cardiac output |
| directly | blood pressure is ___________ proportional to TPR |
| diameter | TPR is inversely proportional to blood vessel ___________ |
| length | TPR is directly proportional to blood vessel __________ |
| lower | cardiac muscle cells have a slightly _______ resting membrane than skeletal muscle cells |
| gap juctions | cardiac muscle cells reach threshold more quickly than skeletal muscle cells due to _________ _________ |
| calcium | the plateau that occurs in the cardiac muscle cell AP is due to the opening of ________ voltage-gated channels |
| tetany | this state of skeletal muscle cells in which there is steady, sustained contraction is due to the summation of short duration APs --> not able to occur in cardiac muscle cells because of long absolute refractory period |
| autorhythmic | these types of high specialized cardiac cells are able to fire their own APs without a stimulus and initiate depolarization of the heart |
| unstable, sodium | autorhythmic cardiac cells have an _________ resting membrane potential and lots of ____________ leak channels, which allow them to generate their own AP |
| calcium | in cardiac autorhythmic cells, at threshold, ___________ voltage-gated channels open gradually |
| SA node | this site is deemed the pacemaker of the heart because it has lots of autorhythmic cells and sodium leak channels |
| AV node | the impulse travels down cardiac muscle cells from the SA node to the _____________ |
| bundle branches | the impulse travels from the AV node down through _______ __________ (aka. bundle of His) to the apex of the heart |
| purkinje fibers | the impulse travels from the apex up toward the base via _________ ____________ |
| gap junctions | atrial muscle cells and ventricular muscle cells do NOT have _______ __________ between them, making them disconnected |
| delays | the AV node _________ the impulse which allows the atrium to contract first and the ventricle to contract second |
| apex, base | the pathway the impulse travels by allows the ventricle to contract from _______ to ________, which results in more efficient ejection |
| plasma | makes up 54% of whole blood; includes water, ions, glucose, hormones, wastes, and plasma proteins; top layer of WB after centrifugation |
| leukocytes | make up 1% of whole blood; includes white blood cells and platelets; middle layer of WB after centrifugation |
| hematocrit | makes up 45% of whole blood; includes red blood cells; bottom layer of WB after centrifugation |
| oxygen | relatively non-polar and hydrophobic; 3% in plasma and 97% bound in hemoglobin |
| sigmoidal | the graph showing the relation between oxygen concentration and % saturation of Hb has a _____________ curve due to positive cooperativity |
| carbon dioxide | slightly more hydrophilic than oxygen; 7% dissolved in plasma, 20% bound to Hb, 73% as HCO3- |
| carbonic anhydrase | carbon dioxide and water is converted into carbonic acid by the enzyme ________ ___________ |
| barriers | skin, hairs, ear wax, and mucus are all examples of ________ involved in non-specific defense |
| chemicals | tears, saliva, stomach acid (HCl), mucus, and histamine are all examples of __________ involved in non-specific defense |
| cells | ciliated, macrophages, neutrophils, easinophils, and basophils are all examples of ________ involved in non-specific defense |
| antigen | a foreign protein that can trigger an immune response |
| antibody | a specific marker for an antigen |
| pathogen | a disease-causing organism |
| humoral | B-cells are involved in _________ immunity |
| b-cells | these cells produce and secrete antibodies; most are inactive (naive); each type only makes one type of antibody |
| clone | once a B-cell comes in contact with an antigen, they _______ themselves in order to produce and secrete lots of antibodies |
| cell-mediated | T-cells are involved in ______-__________ immunity |
| killer | these types of T-cells kill your own abnormal cells; associated with MHC I |
| MHC I | this is found on all cells and allows the cell to display cell contents on the cell surface so killer T-cells can spot abnormal cells that are making antigens and kill them |
| helper | these types of T-cells secrete chemicals (cytokines) that allow B-cells and killer T-cells to proliferate; associated with MHC II |
| MHC II | this is found on macrophages and B-cells and allow cells to display each stuff on cell curface |
| primary | type of immune response: - 1st exposure to Ag initiates process - makes Abs and memory B-cells, activates T-cells - 7-10 days |
| secondary | type of immune response: - 2nd exposure to Ag initiates process - makes more Abs and memory cells, activated more T-cells - <1 day |
| memory | _________ B-cells memorize the characteristics of the antigen that activated their parent B cell during initial infection --> later encounters trigger an accelerated and robust secondary immune response |
| foreign | the immune system targets ________ Ags but not self Ags |
| self | the body produces B-cells and T-cells that recognize a large number of Ags, including _____ Ags |
| lymphocytes | self-reactive __________ will attack our own Ags and cause autoimmune diseases |
| inactivate | in order to prevent autoimmune diseases, the body must find and ________/eliminate self-reactive B-cells and T-cells |
| bone marrow | the location at which the destruction of self-reactive B-cells occur |
| thymus | the location at which the destruction of self-reactive T-cells occur |
| circulation | normally, B-cells and T-cells recognize non-self (foreign) Ags which cause them to release Abs into your _____________ |
| apoptosis | abnormally, B-cells and T-cells recognized self-Ags, which results in inactivation or ___________ |
Created by:
coletty218
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