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LING Module 4
Phonology Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Allophone | A variant pronunciation (or “physical reality”) of a phoneme that occurs in a particular phonological environment |
| Arrow → | The notational symbol to replace “is pronounced as” |
| Aspiration | The puff of air that accompanies some consonant sounds & is represented with the superscript [ʰ] |
| Assimilation | The phonological process in which a sound changes to resemble a nearby sound; can occur forward or backward, within a word or between words |
| Broad transcription | The systematic representation of spoken language in written form (e.g., using IPA) giving only the minimal information needed to contrast one word with another |
| Change (caused by a phonological rule) | The list of all phonetic properties that describe how the allophones consistently differ from the target phonemes |
| Coda | The consonant(s) that come(s) after the vowel in a syllable |
| Complementary distribution | The situation in which phones occur in non-overlapping environments, i.e., never occur in the same phonetic environments |
| Contrastive distribution | The situation in which phones occur in overlapping environments & so can result in a change in word meaning |
| Dash — | The notational symbol to indicate that the rule does not apply to a particular word |
| Deletion (or Elision) | The phonological process in which speech sounds disappear from words |
| Derivation table | A visual demonstration of the phonological derivation of one or more words |
| Dissimilation | The phonological process in which two close sounds, similar consonants or vowels, change to become less alike |
| Distalization | A phonological process in ASL in which the joints shift down the arm towards the fingers |
| Distinctive feature | : A phonological property of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds in a language |
| Distribution | The overall pattern of environments in which linguistic elements (phonemes etc.) can occur |
| Elsewhere case | The default allophone of a phoneme is the one that occurs in the widest variety of environments |
| Environment | All the parts of an utterance that directly surround a given sound, often referencing something on the immediate left and/or immediate right |
| Faithfulness | The principle that, if a phoneme occurs in an environment not covered by any other statement for the pronunciation of that phoneme, then it is pronounced as the default |
| Feature addition | A process in which a particular feature of a sound is added in a particular language |
| Feature assimilation | A process in which a sound becomes more similar to a neighboring sound in a particular language |
| Feature deletion | A process in which a particular feature of a sound is deleted in a particular language |
| Feature dissimilation | A process in which two similar sounds in a language become less similar to each other in certain contexts |
| Feature matrix | A table that shows the distinctive features of each phoneme in a particular language |
| Feature neutralization | A process in which two or more distinct sounds in a language become indistinguishable from each other in certain contexts |
| Feature opposition | The contrast between two sounds in a language that differ in a particular phonological feature |
| Feature spreading | A process in which a particular feature of a sound spreads to adjacent sounds in a particular language |
| Generative phonology | A component of generative grammar that assigns the correct phonetic representations to utterances in such a way as to reflect a native speaker’s internalized grammar |
| Hash or Hashtag | The notational symbol to mark a word boundary |
| Insertion | The phonological process in which a sound is added to a word |
| (Linguistic) Typology | The study & classification of languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison |
| Lowering | A phonological process in ASL in which the sign is articulated at a lower location to reduce the effort of moving the hands all the way to the original higher position |
| Metathesis | The phonological process in which sounds switch places in the phonemic structure of a word |
| Minimal pair | A pair of words in a language that differ by only one phoneme & have different meanings |
| Modality | The entire chain of physical reality of a language, from articulation to perception |
| Narrow transcription | The systematic representation of spoken language in written form (e.g., using IPA) giving a large amount of fine-grained phonetic detail |
| Natural class | A set of sounds that have certain phonetic features in common |
| Near-minimal pair | A pair of words which looks almost like a minimal pair, except there are one or more additional differences elsewhere in the word besides the crucial position |
| Nonce words | Words that we make up for one-time use |
| Nucleus | The vowel or diphthong that forms the core of a syllable |
| Onset | The consonant(s) that come(s) before the vowel in a syllable |
| Phonation | The sound made by the vibration of vocal folds modified by the resonance of the vocal tract |
| Phoneme | The smallest unit of sound in a language that distinguishes between different words or meanings |
| Phonemecization | The overall analysis of a language specifying what its phonemes are, what the allophones are of those phonemes, & what each allophone’s distribution is |
| Phonemic analysis | The process of analyzing a spoken language to figure out what its phonemes are, what the allophones are of those phonemes, and what each allophone’s distribution is |
| Phonemic representation | Same as underlying representation (UR) |
| Phonetic representation | Same as surface representation (SR) |
| Phonetic similarity | The extent to which two sounds share the same place or manner of articulation |
| Phonological contrast | The difference between two sounds in a language that can distinguish between different words or meanings |
| Phonological derivation | The process & set of stages used to generate the phonetic representation of a word from its underlying representation |
| Phonological environment | The set of sounds that occur before & after a particular sound in a language |
| (Phonological) hierarchy | A set of levels that represent the organization of sounds in a particular language, from the smallest units of sound to the largest units of sound |
| (Phonological) representation | A mental representation of the sounds of a language used by speakers to produce & understand speech |
| Phonological rule | A pattern of sound change that applies in a particular language; the individual components of the phonological derivation process that changes phonemes |
| Phonological symmetry | The even distribution of phonemes throughout the articulatory possibilities of a given language |
| Phonology | The study of the patterns of speech sounds (& manual units for signed languages), how they are organized & used, & how they change depending on their contexts |
| Phonotactics | The set of rules in a language that govern the permissible combinations of sounds in syllables & words |
| Prosody | The patterns of stress, intonation, & rhythm in a language that convey meaning & emotion |
| Proximalization | A phonological process in ASL in which the joints shift up the arm towards the shoulder |
| Redundancy | Information that is expressed more than once, e.g., multiple features distinguishing phonemes in phonology |
| Simplicity | The linguistic principle that, if we have two competing phonemicizations that both account for all of the available data, we will generally prefer the simpler analysis (if there is one) |
| Slash / | The notational symbol to separate the change in the rule from the environment where the rule applies |
| Slashes / / | The notational symbol to indicate phonemes |
| Strengthening (or Fortition) | The phonological process in which a sound is made stronger |
| Suprasegmental features | Features of speech that extend over more than one segment, such as stress, intonation, & rhythm |
| Surface representation (SR) | The phonetic representation of the word or sound; an approximation of its pronunciation represented in square brackets with phones |
| Syllable | A unit of sound in a language that consists of one or more vowels & any consonants that come before or after the vowel(s) |
| Symmetry Condition | A general phonotactic restriction in ASL requiring that, if both hands of a sign move, then the handshape, the movement, & the location must be the same |
| Target (of a phonological rule) | The natural class of phonemes that are changed into their appropriate allophones |
| Transcription | The systematic representation of spoken language in written form (e.g., using IPA) |
| Underline ▁ | The notational symbol to represent the position of the phone of interest or the position in the environment where the phoneme must be to undergo the phonological rule indicated |
| Underlying representation UR) | The abstract form of a word or morpheme before any phonological rules have been applied to it; made up of phonemes |
| Weakening (or Lenition) | The phonological process in which a sound becomes weaker |
| Weak hand freeze | A phonological process in ASL in which the non-dominant hand remains still while the dominant hand does all of the work |
| Weak hand drop | A phonological process in ASL in which an immobile nondominant hand is simply not used at all |
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RLD
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