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Industrial Work
U.S. History Study Quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who were the captains of Industry? | Andrew Carnegie; John D. Rockefeller; Cornelius Vanderbilt (Commodore); John Pierpont Morgan |
| Competition | the act or process of competing |
| Consolidation | the action or process of making something stronger or more solid |
| Watering Stocks | inflating the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public |
| Kickbacks | gifts or monetary payment of value after an exchange |
| Laissez-Faire Capitalism | where there is no government regulation of business; meaning no taxes or tariffs |
| Trust | an organization or board that manages the assets of other companies |
| Combination | a joining or merging of different parts or or qualities in which the component elements are individually distinct |
| Monopolies | a company that dominates a market so much that it faces little or no competition from other companies |
| Holding Company | a company created to own and control diverse companies |
| Horizontal Integration | a process through which one company takes control of all its former competitors in a specific industry |
| How significant was the railroad to the United States in the post-Civil War era? | They created a market for goods on a national scale, encouraging mass production, mass consumption, specialization, and the growth of coal and steel industries; Split the country into 4 timezones, making Railroad time standard for all Americans. |
| What were some of the names of the major railroads and lines in the 19th century? | New York Central Railroad; Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; Pennsylvania Railroad; |
| Determine the tie between the railroad and federal land grants. | Early attempts to regulate railroads by law had little effect. Granger laws were overturned by the Supreme Court and Commerce Act of 1887 had little effect until its power was expanded during progressive era. |
| Who was Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt? | He used the millions earned from his steamboat business to merge local railroads into the New York Central Railroad that ran from New York to Chicago in 1867. |
| Who was Charles Crocker? | He was a railroad executive and played a major part in the construction of the Central Pacific Railroad. |
| Who was Andrew Carnegie? | In the 1870s, he started manufacturing steel (Carnegie Steel) in Pittsburgh and soon outdistanced his competitors by a combination of salesmanship and the use of the latest technology. |
| Who was John D. Rockefeller? | He created the Standard Oil Trust as a monopoly, so it controlled the supply and prices of oil. |
| Which two nations were the leaders of the Second Industrial Revolution? | Britain and the United States |
| How did the Second Industrial Revolution change our diet? | Food production changes as factories pumped out consumer goods. |
| What did Westinghouse's air brakes help to prevent? | Train accidents by making it easier to make precise stops. |
| How did air brakes benefit the nation as a whole? | Trains become a reliable means to transport people and goods across the nation. |
| How did the light bulb change business work days? | Since it lasted 1200 hours, it created an indoor culture defined work days by the clock. |
| Vertical Integration | a process through which one company takes control of all stages of making a product |
| Who is Ida Tarbell? | America's first woman journalist who founded the American Magazine in 1906. She called people out for unjust business practices, and she was especially critical of Standard Oil because they destroyed her father's business |
| Where was the concentration of wealth in society? | The concentration of wealth was among the richest 10% of the United States population, who controlled 90% of the nation’s wealth. |
| What was the Horatio Alger myth? | The myth was that a young man of modest means could become wealthy through honesty, hard work, and a little luck. |
| What was meant by the expanding middle class? | The term “expanding middle class” refers to the growth of large industries and corporations that created new jobs for millions of white-collar workers. White-collar workers are salaried employees whose jobs generally don’t involve manual labor. |
| Why was the expanding middle class occurring? | This phenomenon occurred because the demand for middle management, scientists, engineers, salespersons, accountants, and clerical workers increased to accommodate the rapid industrialization of the workplace. |
| Who were the working women at the time, and what were their occupations? | They were mostly young and single; went into positions that were considered for men such as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators; had most of the "feminine" occupations; dominated in industries that were an extension of the home. |
| Who were the wage-earners of the time period? | The wage earners of this time period were unskilled worker immigrants who competed for jobs. |
| What were the working hours expected of the laborer? | They were expected to work between 10 to 12 hours a day. |
| What was meant by the “iron law of wages?” What is meant by the cycle of misery and starvation? | “Iron law of wages” refers to how David Ricardo argued that raising wages would only increase the working population. This availability of more workers would lead to their wages falling, creating what is referred to as the cycle of misery and starvation. |
| What are the real wages? | The real wages were the income adjusted for inflation or deflation occurring at the time. |
| Why were women and children depended upon for income? | Despite these real wages, most wage earners couldn’t support their families with one income. This is why women and children were depended on for income. |
| The Lockout | The act of closing a factory to break a labor movement before it could get organized |
| Blacklists | A roster of the names of pro-union workers that employees circulated so that these people could not find work. |
| Yellow-Dog Contracts | A contract that included as a condition of employment that workers could not join a union |
| Private Guards and State Militia | Forces used by employers to put down strikes |
| Court Injunction | Judicial action is used by an employer to prevent or end a strike |
| How did the arrival of the labor movement change aspects of work? | The work day decreased to 8 hours; work condition improved; workers got better wages |
| What was the Knights of Labor? | A labor union that attempted to unite both skilled and unskilled workers, hoping to gain legal rights and reforms in the industrial workplace |
| Who is Samuel Gompers? | the founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) that worked tirelessly to promote better wages for the skilled worker; he was a cigar maker |
| What are some example of labor unions today? | United Auto Work (UAW); Trucking Industry; Teachers Union; Fire and Police Department Unions; |
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