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RELS Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does Dewey define "Aesthetic" | That dealing with Appreciation, Perception, and Enjoyment. |
| What does Dewey focus on when analyzing the aesthetic experience? | The Viewer |
| What does Dewey believe is required for craftsmanship to be considered artistic? | Must be "LOVING" and CARE DEEPLY about the subject matter. It's qualities require INTENTION. |
| Who said that Art is the "best window into another culture"? | Dewey |
| According to Dewey, what are the three requirements for Art? | The Artist, The Work of Art, and The Viewer (sometimes the artist can be the viewer) |
| Who compares Art to language and religion and how do they justify it? | Dewey. Art mediums are their own unique language, which cannot be translated without loss of meaning. Like religion, it gives a sense of an UNDERLYING sense of a larger whole, and realizing the vast world gives a sense of unity. |
| What does Dewey say about the Universality of Art? | Art that is interpreted the same way over 100s of years IS NOT UNIVERSAL. To be universal, the art must continue to inspire new interpretations and experiences as history and it's culture/context/viewer change. |
| Who was it that wrote about how art, by limiting our experience to a single sense, that sense can be exploited to its fullest. | Dewey. Color must convey movement, sound, and form all by itself. Music must convey movement, touch, color, and form all by itself. It allows our mind to FOCUS on a single sense without distraction. |
| What does Dewey say about the "means" of making art? | Aesthetic is the fusion of the means and the ends. The means of creating the art, is part of what makes it artistic. |
| Who talked about how reproduction changed art? How does it? | Berger: You see art in the "context of your own life". Things like: setting, mood, context, history, editing, music, scale, captions. Democratized Art whilst taking away it's silence & stillness. |
| Who cringed at art mystification and why? | Berger: Art experts try and make art more mysterious and complicated. "The process of explaining away what otherwise might be evident". They often use religion to justify this, putting too much into name, prestige, religion, and price. |
| What is Provenance | Record of ownership of a work of art to prove originality and history. Berger talks about how people put too much value into authenticity and history. |
| Who said: "Seeing comes before words" | John Berger |
| Who talked about the tradition of Nude European Paintings? | John Berger |
| Nude vs. Naked | Naked: To be oneself without clothes. Nude: To be seen naked by others, and yet not recognized as oneself, but as an object. The nakedness in nudes is for those who are dressed |
| What does Berger observe about the tradition of painting nudes? | -Made with Male Gaze / Male Spectator in mind (female often aware and "seducing" the male viewer) -Hypocrisy. -Men Act, Woman appear (often laying down, looking "available" to the viewer) |
| What does the Mirror represent in European nude paintings? | Vanity (excessive admiration and pride in oneself), a point of hypocrisy in many European nudes: male artist painting a woman nude for their own enjoyment, and calling it vanity. |
| What does Hair represent in European nudes? | Sexual Power. Often always on any men depicted, whilst woman were always seen with smooth, pale, hairless skin |
| How did some paintings break the norm of drawing naked woman? | Naked instead of nude: Not acknowledging the male viewer, not making themselves "available" "The spectator cannot deceive himself into believing that she is naked for him" |
| How did painters get around the social no-no that was drawing nudes? | By disguising it as a religious work. Religious stories were depicted (Beauty Contests, Adam & Eve, Cupid) and oftentimes the "religious characters" were actually real life people (e.g. the King's maid) --> Disguised Portraits |
| What is Cupid the symbol of? | Passion |
| According to Berger, art throughout history has meant to serve a purpose to who? | The ruling class. For most of history art was an activity left to the rich who had time to spare and money to throw away. Oil paintings are the prime example: rich people commissioning art that confirmed their own "virtue" |
| Oil painting did to appearances, what capital did to: | Social Relations, reducing everything to equality of objects. Everything became an interchangeable commodity. |
| What tradition arose with Oil Paintings from 1500-1900? | Using the tangibility of oil paintings to confirm ones own virtue by depicting their wealth, skills, power. (Rich) people were depicted as being above and afar. "To buy a thing painted... is not unlike buying it and putting it in your house" |
| What made oil paintings unique from all art mediums that came before it? | The tangibility they could convey. The realness, texture, depth, luster, and colors made are more "real" than it had ever been in the past. |
| What are genre paintings? | Oil Paintings (almost always commissioned by the rich) depicting the poor, low-life, mundane/average life. Often showing them happy, drinking, playing. |
| Oil paintings that depicted the poor (genre paintings), often depicted them as... | Happy "... assert two things: that the poor are happy, and that the better-off are a source of hope for the world." |
| According to Berger, what genre of oil paintings is the furthest away the tradition of ownership and capitalism? | Landscape paintings. Because of how all of nature defies "ownership" by being so worldly, it wasn't used as much by the rich to confirm their own virtue (though Berger says it did happen) |
| What is Prospective Anamorphosis? | When a painting is only clear when viewed at a certain angle or method. Makes the viewer aware of their own gaze. |
| What is Vanitas and Momento Mori? | Symbolic art about the certainty of death and the meaningless of pleasure. "Remember you have to die" |
| According to Berger, publicity images never speak of the _____, only about the ______ and ______. | Never the Present ....... Only the Past and Future |
| What does Glamour require? | Envy |
| Is consumerism and publicity democratic? | No. They give the illusion of choice, but in reality they all offer the same proposal: that you will be better off with the product and without your money. Publicity helps mask all that is undemocratic about society |
| Explain Firth's Method | Looking at art in three stages: Surface Meaning (What you can see) Intended Meaning (Authors intentions) Ideological Meaning (Social, Political, Cultural Messages) |
| What method of analyzing art has the three steps: Surface Meaning (What you can see) Intended Meaning (Authors intentions) Ideological Meaning (Social, Political, Cultural Messages) | Firth's Method |
| What are publicity images really about? | Social Relations: They are never about the product, only the envy, you will receive if you purchase the product. You are what you have. |
| What Art medium do publicity images draw from? | Oil Paintings and their focus on material luxury and seeking self-conformation and virtue. As well as directly "quoting" famous oil paintings. |
| What is the difference between Oil Paintings and Publicity images? | Oil Paintings reflect peoples own life back at them. Publicity images make the viewer dissatisfied with their current life, and tries to sell you a "solution" to the manufactured dissatisfation. |
| In publicity images, people without money are... | Faceless |
| What is Glamour? | The happiness of being envied. |
| What is the Art as Ritual theory? | When ordinary objects acquire symbolic importance in a shared belief system. Whether religious or cultural, art is just like ritual in that these normal things have lots of meaning attached to them BECAUSE ALOT OF PEOPLE FEEL THAT WAY. |
| Hume | Taste is the skill of perceiving quality and that (rich) educated experts can train and reach a consensus. Judging art required more than just pleasure and displeasure. Believed art required MORALITY |
| Kants view on viewing art | Beauty is NOT subjective and is in the art. Requires human spirit, GENIUS, and MORALITY. Purposiveness without a purpose: Being cool/detached while viewing art, not letting it's purpose/desire contaminate our judgement. Free play of imagination |
| Goya | Contradicts Hume's and Kant's requirement of morality and a morality uplifting message in art. |
| What is Putto | A naked, chubby, winged, male child representing the presence of God and human passion. |
| What are the three criteria for obscenity? | 1) Violate standards of community (what is local) 2) Reference sexual or excretory organs 3) Lack any and all merit (very ambiguous) |
| How did Lucy Lippard want us to interpret controversial modern art like Piss Christ? | 1) Don't let other describe it to you 2) Consider artists intentions 3) Consider what history/tradition/cultural influenced the peice |
| Who said Art should be judged by skilled, educated, experts? | Hume |
| Who said we should view art in a detached, disinterested, way. Not letting the purpose/desire of anything depicted contaminate our judgement? | Kant |
| What is the Imitation theory of art? | That art is an imitation of nature or human life. |
| The origin of Greek tragedies are in the honor of whose story? | Dionysus (God of Wine) and his story of being fed to the Titans and continuously being regenerated. |
| What did Plato have to say about tragedy? | Tragedy is skilled craft (techne) and an imitation of the real world (mimesis). Saw tragedies are DANGEROUS for the morals they teach (that virtuosity is never rewarded and everyone dies) |
| Who saw tragedies as dangerous for spreading the idea that virtue is never rewarded? | Plato |
| What is Plato's theory of forms? | That everything is a flawed reflection of perfect forms in a perfect, separate world. Didn't like art because it was an imitation of an imitation of these perfect forms. |
| What did Aristotle believe Tragedy allowed for? | Catharsis, or the purification or cleansing of our minds by releasing strong, repressed emotions. |
| Who believed tragedies were best when people did evil without knowing it or by mistake (from human nature)? | Aristotle. He saw tragedies as revolving around Hamartia (to er) and that the tragic hero's mistakes are just mistakes, not evil intent. Focused on the hero's "tragic flaws" and didn't enjoy making people who knowingly did evil to gain sympathy. |
| Who was the first Christian to write about beauty and philosophy together. As well as talk about Gothic Aesthetics? | Aquinas - Beauty is a innate property of God, like goodness and unity |
| According to Aquinas, what are the three properties of gothic/medieval aesthetics? | 1) Proportion/Geometry (planned & orderly, like God's world) 2) Light (like coming from god): Claritas 3) Allegory (story w/ meaning) --> Encyclopedias of stone |
| What is Claritas in gothic aesthetics? | Light, Internal brightmess, and clarity in design |
| Who said that art requires "free play of imagination"? | Kant. Like when referring to orderly gardening as a high art form because it "painted with forms" |
| Who were the Gardens of Versailles in Honor of? | The current King and his dominance by basing it around the sun god apollo (using those 3 gothic aesthetic ideas) |
| Who saw beauty in the sublime (epicenes and grandness of nature) | Kant |
| What are leitmotifs and who came up with them? | Associating a musical theme with certain characters and locations that play whenever they are around. Popularized by Wagner in his Operas |
| Who wrote the Opera Parsifal and why was it controversial. | By Wagner, the piece celebrates suffering as beautiful. |
| Who is Nietzsche? | Fan of Wagner who saw his work as RETURN OF TRAGEDY: Life as it is, violence and suffering without meaning or reason Later hated Wagner for being: too religious, Nazi, and spreading dangerous messages about the beauty of suffering |
| Who saw tragedy as "life as it is", violence and suffering without meaning or justification? | Nietzsche |
| What is the institutional theory of art? | Danto: The Art is art when placed in a museum by the art world who think that it is art. |
| Who created the open-door theory about art? | Danto |
| What is Danto's Open-door art theory? | Art is anything that has meaning, communicating through a physical medium. Anything with an interpretation. Any "theory" that excludes certain types of art are not theories, but criticism. |
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