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2 be logical

Introductory logic lessons 25-26

QuestionAnswer
counterexamples can only show a syllogism to be invalid - they cannot show a syllogism to be valid
distributed term a term that, within a statement, refers to ALL members of its category
the subjects of universal statements & the predicates of negative statements distributed terms
All S are P the Subject is distributed
No S are P the S and P are both distributed
Some S are P neither of the terms are distributed
Some S are not P the P is distributed
To establish the validity of a syllogism beyond doubt, test it with the five rules of validity.
Having an undistributed middle term basically means that a syllogism is making no necessary connection between its premises.
A term distributed in the conclusion must be distributed in a premise because a conclusion cannot "go beyond," or make a more general statement than its premises.
A syllogism cannot be valid unless at least one premise affirms something.
In syllogisms, affirmative conclusions require all affirmative premises.
A negative conclusion in a syllogism requires one negative premise.
If a syllogism breaks 1 of the 5 rules, then it is invalid.
If a syllogism passes all of the 5 rules, then it is necessarily valid.
When Rule 1 (in at least 1 premise, the middle term must be distributed) is broken, it is called the Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle.
When Rule 2 (If a term is distributed in the conclusion, it must also be distributed in its premise) is broken, it is called the Fallacy of the Illicit Major (if it's the major term) or the Fallacy of the Illicit Minor (if it's the minor term).
When Rule 3 (A valid syllogism cannot have 2 negative premises) is broken, it is called the Fallacy of 2 Negative Premises.
When Rule 4 (A valid syllogism cannot have a negative premise and an affirmative conclusion) is broken, it is called the Fallacy of a Negative Premise and an Affirmative Conclusion.
When Rule 5 (A valid syllogism cannot have 2 affirmative premises and a negative conclusion) is broken, it is called the Fallacy of 2 Affirmative Premises and a Negative Conclusion.
Created by: MrsHough
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