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MCAT Bio: Biochem
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| polymerases | enzymes that make major polymers |
| polymerizations | reactions that make polymers |
| peptide | amide linkages form __________ bonds |
| secondary | H-bonds between the peptide backbone characterize __________ structure |
| tertiary | R-group interactions within a polypeptide characterize ____________ structure |
| quaternary | R-group interactions between polypeptides characterize ____________ structure |
| hexoses | glucose, galactose, and fructose are 3 common __________ |
| pentoses | ribose and deoxyribose are 2 common ________ |
| maltose | glucose + glucose = _____________ |
| sucrose | glucose + fructose = _____________ |
| lactose | glucose + galactose = ____________ |
| startch | _______ stores glucose in plant cells |
| glycogen | __________ stores glucose in animal cells |
| cellulose | _________ is the polysaccharide that accounts for the structure in plant cells |
| carbohydrates | ______________ function as energy storers and cell surface markers |
| nitrogenous | the body prefers to use carbohydrates for energy because when proteins are broken down, they produce ___________ waste |
| lipid | hydrocarbons are __________ monomers |
| saturated | _____________ fats are solid at room temperature and easily stack together |
| unsaturated | _____________ fats have double bonds and are liquid at room temperature |
| triglycerides | ______________ are primary lipids that are used in energy storage |
| terpenes | _________ are built from isoprene units |
| 2 | need at least ______ isoprene unites to form a terpene |
| steroid | a _____________ is a type of cholesterol derivative --> normally contain 3 6-rings + 1 5-ring |
| G | reaction rate never changes Δ____ |
| increases | adding a catalyst _______ reaction rate |
| enzyme | an ___________ must increase the reaction rate, not be used up in the reaction, and must be specific for a particular reaction |
| kinases | _________ are enzymes that phosphorylate |
| phosphatases | __________ are enzymes that dephosphorylate |
| phosphorylases | __________ are enzymes that use inorganic phosphates to phosphorylate |
| active site | the ___________ _________ is the part of the enzyme in which the substrate binds to the enzyme and the reaction occurs |
| allosteric site | the __________ ____________ is where other regulators bind to on the enzyme |
| decreases | as binding affinity increases, Km _______ |
| competitive | ____________ inhibitor binds at active site, doesn't change Vmax, increases Km, and an increase in [S] can overcome the effects and still reach Vmax |
| non-competitive | ___________ inhibitor binds to allosteric site, decreases Vmax, and doesn't change Km |
| uncompetitive | ____________ inhibitor binds to allosteric site after the substrate has bonded to the enzyme, decrease Vmax, and decrease Km |
| mixed | _____________ inhibitor binds to either the allosteric site of E or E•S complex, decreases Vmax, and can either increase Km (E alone) or decrease Km (E•S complex) |
| y-intercept | on the Lineweaver-Burk graph, the ________ represents 1/Vmax |
| x-intercept | on the Lineweaver-Burk graph, the ________ represents 1/Km |
| uncompetitive | on the Lineweaver-Burk graph, the ______________ inhibition line is always parallel to the uninhibited line |
| oxidation | __________ is a process in which a compound gains oxygens, loses hydrogens, or loses electrons |
| reduction | __________ is a process in which a compound loses oxygens, gains hydrogens, or gains electrons |
| carriers | NADH and FADH2 are electron _______________ |
| cytoplasm | glycolysis occurs in the ___________ |
| not needed | oxygen is (needed/not needed) in glycolysis |
| mitochondrial matrix | PDC and Krebs cycle occurs in the _____________ ______ |
| indirectly needed | oxygen is ____________ _____________ in PDC and Krebs cycle |
| inner mitochondrial membrane | ETC and oxidative phosphorylation occurs along the ________ ___________ __________ |
| directly needed | oxygen is ____________ _____________ in ETC and oxidative phosphorylation |
| glucose, pyruvate | glycolysis starts with 1 _________ and ends with 2 ____________ |
| hexokinase | in glycolysis, ______________ converts glucose to glucose-6-P |
| phosphofructokinase | in glycolysis, ______________ converts fructose-6-P to fructose-1,6-BP |
| pyruvate kinase | in glycolysis, ___________ ___________ converts 2 PEP into 2 pyruvates |
| acetyl-CoA | in glycolysis, _____________ negatively regulates pyruvate kinase |
| decarboxylation | in the PDC process, 2 pyruvates undergo ____________ to produce 2 acetyl CoA |
| NADH, GTP | per each acetyl-CoA that is invested into the Krebs cycle: 3 _________, 1 FADH2, and 1 ________ are produced |
| OAA | at the end of the Krebs cycle, an ______ is regenerated and will act within the first step of the Krebs cycle as it starts again |
| ETC | the ________ pumps protons up their gradient, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, establishing an electrical gradient |
| oxidative phosphorylation | ____________ ___________ couples the pumping of protons down their gradient with ATP synthesis |
| 2.5,1.5 | NADH produces __________ ATP ; FADH2 produces _________ ATP |
| 30 | In eukaryotes, glycolysis + PDC + Krebs + ETC + oxidative phosphorylation produces ___________ ATP |
| 32 | In prokaryotes, glycolysis + PDC + Krebs + ETC + oxidative phosphorylation produces ___________ ATP |
| cytosol | prokaryotes produce 2 more ATP than eukaryotes because PDC and Krebs occur in the ___________ and ETC occurs in the PM |
| organelles | prokaryotes have no membrane-bound ___________ |
| anaerobic | In an ____________ state, ETC/oxi phos shuts down, neither Krebs nor PDC occurs, and glycolysis runs via fermentation |
| lactic acid, ethanol | fermentation converts pyruvate into either _____ ______ (bacteria) or ___________ (yeast) |
| glycolysis | _______________ is performed when there are high levels of glucose and low levels of ATP |
| gluconeogenesis | _______________ is performed when there are low levels of glucose and high levels of ATP |
| pyruvate carboxylase | in gluconeogenesis, 2 pyruvate is converted to 2 OAA by the enzyme ________ __________ |
| PEP carboxykinase | in gluconeogenesis, 2 OAA is converted to 2 PEP by the enzyme ________ __________ |
| bisphosphatase | in gluconeogenesis, 1 Fru-1,6-BP is converted to Fru-6-P by the enzyme fru-1,6-_____________ |
| phosphatase | in gluconeogenesis, glu-6-P is converted into glucose by the enzyme glu-6-_______________ |
| off, on | when ATP levels are high: glycolysis is turned _________ and gluconeogenesis is turned _______ |
| insulin | when glucose is high, _____________ positively regulates phosphofructokinase (PFK) to turn glycolysis on |
| glucagon | when glucose is low, ____________ inhibits phosphofructokinase (PFK) to turn glycolysis off |
| glycogenesis | when blood glucose is high, insulin is produced and glucose is converted to glycogen via _______________ |
| glycogenolysis | when blood glucose is low, glucagon and epinephrine are produces and glycogen is converted to glucose via _______________ |
| PPP | the __________ (abbv.) produces ribose-5-P, NADPH, and glycolytic intermediates |
| NADPH | ________________ is the reducing power to help neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing power for fatty acid synthesis |
| beta-oxidation | fatty acids•ATP undergo __________________ to produce acetyl-CoA during fatty acid metabolism |
| 2 | fatty acid oxidation cycles occurs in a series of ______ oxidations |
| C | # cycles of fatty acid oxidation = (___/2) - 1 |
| cytosol | fatty acid synthesis occurs in the __________ |
| mitochondrial matrix | fatty acid oxidation occurs in the __________ __________ |
| CoA | fatty acid oxidation is linked to ____________ |
| ACP | fatty acid synthesis is linked to _________ |
| NAD+, FAD | the coenzymes that take part in fatty acid oxidation are _________ and _______ |
| NADPH | the coenzyme that takes part in fatty acid synthesis is ________ |
| little | fatty acid oxidation uses a (little/lot) of ATP |
| lot | fatty acid synthesis uses a (little/lot) of ATP |
| fall | during long-term starvation, blood glucose levels ___________ |
| fatty acids | during long-term starvation, to meet the energy demand, ______ ________ are oxidizes to form acetyl-CoA |
| ketone bodies | during long-term starvation, the some of the acetyl-CoA from fatty acid oxidation go to the Kreb's Cycle; the remaining acetyl-CoA react together to form ___________ ___________ |
| brain | ketone bodies can enter the _________ and be reconverted to acetyl-CoA |
| proteases | protein catabolism: - proteins from diet are converted to individual aa's with ________ - aa's are broken down into amino and carbonskeleton |
| nitrogenous, urea | protein catabolism: - aminos are used to make __________ compounds or are excreted as ___________ |
| glucogenic, ketogenic | protein catabolism: - carbon skeleton is used to make __________ amino acids (which are used in gluconeogenesis) and ___________ amino acids (which undergo ketogenesis) |
| well fed | when the body is _____ _____: glucose ---> glycogen glucose --> pyruvate --> acetyl-CoA acetyl-CoA --> Krebs or fatty acids |
| early | when the body is in the _________ starvation period: - gluconeogenesis - glycogenolysis - protein catabolism --> glucogenic aa --> pyruvate --> krebs |
| late | when the body is in the _______ starvation period: - fatty acids --> acetyl-CoA --> ketone bodies - protein catabolism --> ketogenic aa --> acetyl-CoA --> ketone bodies |
| alanine | Ala (A) |
| cysteine | Cys (C) |
| aspartic acid | Asp (D) |
| glutamic acid | Glu (E) |
| phenylalanine | Phe (F) |
| glycine | Gly (G) |
| histidine | His (H) |
| Isoleucine | Ile (I) |
| lysine | Lys (K) |
| leucine | Leu (L) |
| methionine | Met (M) |
| asparagine | Asn (N) |
| proline | Pro (P) |
| glutamine | Gln (Q) |
| arginine | Arg (R) |
| serine | Ser (S) |
| threonine | Thr (T) |
| valine | Val (V) |
| tryptophan | Trp (W) |
| tyrosine | Tyr (Y) |
| greater | when the pH is ___________ than a pka of a potentially negative amino acid, the amino acid charge is negative |
| less | when the pH is _________ than a pka of a potentially positive amino acid, the amino acid charge is positive |
| 2 | the pka of the C-term is _______ |
| 9 | the pka of the N-term is ______ |
| 10 | the pka of tyrosine is ~ ______ |
| 8 | the pka of cysteine is ~ ______ |
| 3.65 | the pka of aspartic acid is ~ ______ |
| 4.25 | the pka of glutamic acid is ~ ______ |
| 12.5 | the pka of arginine is ~ ______ |
| 6 | the pka of histidine is ~_________ |
| 10.5 | the pka of lysine is ~_________ |
| basic | Arg, Lys, and His are all hydrophilic and _________ |
Created by:
coletty218
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