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Vol 1 Chapter 9
Study for Chapter 9 Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Frontier | where newly settled areas meet unsettled, but not necessarily uninhabited, areas |
| Displacement | the process of being removed from the usual place or land |
| Arsenal | A place where weapons and other military equipment are stored. |
| Impeach | To accuse a government official of doing something wrong or improper. |
| Amnesty | A decision, usually by a government, not to punish a person or group who has committed a crime. |
| High crimes and misdemeanors | Actions of misconduct by a government official, such as lying, abuse of power, or failing to perform job responsibilities. |
| Expedition | A special journey taken by a group that has a clear purpose or goal. |
| Treaty | A formal agreement between two or more groups, especially countries. |
| Incumbent | Holding a position or political office. |
| Stampede | The rushed movement of a large group of animals. |
| Assimilation | Adoption of the ways of another culture. |
| Continental Divide | The high line in the Rockies from which water flows east on one side and west on the other. |
| Interpreter | A person who translates from one language to another. |
| Abolitionist | A person who worked to end slavery during the 1700s and 1800s. |
| Draft | A system that requires individuals to serve in the military. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | A railroad that stretches across an entire continent. |
| Civil Disobedience | A refusal to follow the law or government because it goes against one’s conscience; an act of protest. |
| Chattel Slavery | Private ownership of enslaved people. |
| Locomotive | A railroad engine. |
| Secede | To formally withdraw membership. |
| Blockade | A military strategy aimed at preventing people and goods from entering or leaving an area. |
| Tide of Battle | A metaphor that describes how the advantage of one side or another can change over the course of the fighting. |
| Why weren’t the lands in the West actually unsettled frontier wilderness? | The lands in the West were already inhabited by Native American tribes. |
| Why did the speed of westward migration accelerate after the Civil War? | The completion of the transcontinental railroad made it easier and faster to travel to the West. |
| What plant made the rise of the cattle industry in the West possible? | Grass |
| Where did the cattle in Texas originally come from? | Spain |
| What was the problem with the first organized cattle drive in 1866? | The route wasn't a good one. |
| What did the ranchers change for the second cattle drive? | They established a more efficient route. |
| What was the result of the new route? | Almost all the cattle survived the long drive and made it to market. |
| Why did ranchers choose to settle farther north? | The availability of cheaper land and grazing areas. Access to better transportation routes and markets. The desire for a more temperate climate. |
| What competition did the ranchers encounter after a while? | cattle ranchers and sheepherders both wanted to use the same free grazing land. |
| How did the competition for grassland and the extreme weather of 1886–1887 change life for ranchers? | Ranchers bought their own land and raised feed to ensure that their cattle would have enough to eat. |
| What kinds of people worked as cowboys? | Many cowboys were teenagers. They were often Mexican, Black, or Native American. |
| What tasks did cowboys perform? | Cowboys rode the line to prevent cattle from running away, they branded calves, they participated in roundups, and they drove cattle on the long drive to the railroad. |
| Who built the Central Pacific Railroad? | Most of the workers on the Central Pacific Railroad were Chinese immigrants. |
| Who built the Union Pacific Railroad? | Different groups helped build the Union Pacific Railroad, including Irish immigrants, Hispanic people, Black Americans, Native Americans, and army veterans after the Civil War ended. |
| What hardships did the railroad workers face? | They worked in all weather, including storms and brutally cold weather; the work was dangerous, including blasting with dynamite; and they worked twelve-hour days, six days a week. |
| When and where did the two lines of the railroad meet? | They met on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah. |
| How did the railroad change travel from the Midwest to the West? | A journey that once took months by wagon trail now took only four days. |
| Why did the railroad companies encourage people to move west? | The railroad companies encouraged people to move west because the more people who lived in the West, the more use for the railroads to carry Western produce and cattle to Eastern cities. |
| Why did settlers want to settle on the Great Plains? | land was flat; weather seemed it would be good for farming; better tools made the farming easier, farmers learned to grow crops such as wheat that grew well in the Plains’ climate, land was inexpensive, and railroads brought supplies. |
| What were the provisions of the Homestead Act? | Homesteaders could get 160 acres of land for free if they would settle it and live there for five years. |
| It was partly to help poor people start family farms. One of the government programs established during this time period was the __________________. | Homestead Act |
| Starting a farm required farm costs that _______________ could not afford, so the people who were helped were those who already had some _______________. | Poor families; money saved |
| The mythical story was that it was filled with gunfighters, rugged cowboys, and endless adventures. One popular location associated with this story is the _____________________ | Wild West |
| The ________________ Act was passed by the U.S. government, forcing Native Americans off their ancestral lands and onto reservations. | Indian Removal |
| _______________ sold Alaska to the United States | Russia |
| U.S. leaders did not understand that Native American groups did not have _______, so they could not be treated like independent nations. They also didn’t understand that Native Americans as individuals exercised their own independence and made their ____. | One central government; own decisions |
| Over time, it became clear that there was no stopping the relentless pursuit of land by settlers due to their belief in the concept of ____________. | Manifest Destiny |
| Most Americans assumed the Native Americans would eventually give up their culture and way of life and begin to live as non-Native Americans did due to the process of ____________. | Assimilation |
| The government forcefully moved Native Americans to reservations across the Mississippi River through the policy of ____________. | Indian Removal Act |
| One way the Bureau of Indian Affairs enforced assimilation was through the implementation of ___________ policies. | Cultural Suppression |
| True or False: Native Americans considered the bison valuable because every part of the animal was utilized for food, clothing, shelter, and tools. | True |
| True or False: The primary reason for the decline in bison populations was not due to overhunting and the destruction of their natural habitats. | False |
| True or False: The two groups of Cheyenne and one group of Arapaho entered Fort Lyon in search of peace negotiations, protection, and food. | True |
| True or False: The Cheyenne and Arapaho had gone hunting to get food, and Colonel Chivington and his men attacked them. | True |
| True or False: Native Americans did not fight against settlers to defend their land and way of life. | False |
| True or False: The Second Treaty of Fort Laramie guaranteed the Sioux exclusive ownership of the Black Hills region. | True |
| True or False: The invasion of the Black Hills was led by the Lakota Sioux. | False |
| True or False: When Custer decided to attack Sioux and Cheyenne warriors without waiting for General Terry, his troops were outnumbered and suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn. | True |
| True or False: The Sioux were not forced to surrender because they faced a lack of supplies and support from other tribes. | False |
| True or False: The problem with the reservations provided by the government was that they were often located on infertile land, making it difficult for Native American tribes to sustain themselves through agriculture and hunting. | True |
| Explain the beliefs and teachings of Wovoka regarding the Ghost Dance and its significance to Native American communities during the late 19th century. | Wovoka said that if people performed the Ghost Dance, they would once again be on their old homelands, and life would return to the way it had been. |
| Explain the reasons and motives behind the United States government's decision to ban the Ghost Dance movement during the late 19th century. | The settlers were afraid, and the military was sure that it meant trouble was brewing among the Native Americans. |
| Explain what the last full-scale armed battle against Native Americans on U.S. soil was? | The Battle of Wounded Knee was the last battle against Native Americans on U.S. soil. |
| To what extent do you agree with the conclusion that the Native Americans "brought on their own destruction as surely as any people ever did"? | The Sioux were in an impossible situation with a government that did not respect its own promises and seemed willing to kill them; the Sioux refused to give up their guns and fired the first shot. |
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