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Constitution and Fed
| Articles of Confederation |
| The governmental structure of the first government of the United States of America (1774-1781). Existed during Revolutionary War and Northwest Ordinance (by which new states would enter Union) and set precedent for federalism. |
| New Jersey Plan |
| Plan for the government of the USA by which each state would be represented equally in the Congress. Federal government would be weaker than Virginia Plan. |
| Virginia Plan |
| Plan for the government of the USA in which the federal government would be strong and each state would be represented in Congress proportionately to its population. |
| Great Compromise |
| Solution to disagreement between VA and NJ Plans. Bicameral legislature created with a House of Representatives and a Senate |
| Three Fifths Compromise |
| Solved the conflict between Northern and Southern states over slavery by counting each slave as 3/5 of a person when counting for each state’s electoral votes in the Electoral College |
| The Federalist Papers |
| Articles supporting the ratification of the Constitution. Primary source for understanding the original intent of the Founders of our country. |
| Federalists |
| those who supported the ratification of the Constitution |
| Anti-Federalists |
| those who were against the ratification of the Constitution |
| Bill of Rights |
| 1st ten Amendments to the Constitution. Was promised by Federalists as way of persuading states to ratify Constitution |
| Necessary and Proper Clause |
| Part of the Constitution that allows Congress to make laws necessary and proper to carrying out its powers |
| Full Faith and Credit Clause |
| Part of the Constitution that requires states to accept court judgments, licenses, contracts and other civil acts of all other states |
| Supremacy Clause |
| Conflicts between state and federal law are resolved in favor of federal law |
| Separation of Powers |
| Power is separated between legislative branch, judicial branch and executive branch. Also prevents a person from serving in more than one branch of government at the same time. |
| Checks and Balances |
| Branches of government must share power and cooperate with each other in order to get anything done. In addition, each branch may limit/check the powers/existence of each other. |
| Veto |
| Reject legislation |
| Amendment |
| Changing the Constitution or a bill by adding parts |
| Ratify |
| Approve |
| Bicameral Legislature |
| Two house legislature |
| Pluralist Theory |
| Political power is so diffuse in our country that no one part is able to dominate |
| Marxist Theory |
| Political power is concentrated in the hands of those that control business and industry |
| Power-Elite Theory |
| Political power is concentrated in the hands of a small, elite group of political and economic elites |
| Bureaucratic Theory |
| Political power is held by those that make up the bureaucracy, those that control the day to day activities of our government |
| Federalism |
| a system of government where the national and state governments share powers |
| Dual Federalism |
| period during early part of our country where national and state governments were very independent. Has declined in importance since then. |
| Enumerated Powers |
| powers specifically given only to the federal/national government in our country |
| Reserved Powers |
| powers specifically given to the state government in our country |
| Concurrent Powers |
| powers shared by the national and state governments in our country |
| Categorical Grants |
| aid with strict provisions/rules from the federal government given to the states (favored by liberals) (Examples: Medicaid and the Food Stamp Programs) |
| Block Grants |
| aid with less restrictions and rules on how it can be spent (favored by conservatives |
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