Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biochemistry
Midterm 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Serous Secretion | alpha amylase and lysozyme |
| Mucus Secretion | mucin |
| Characteristics of alpha amylase | hydrolyzes alpha-1-4-glycosidic bonds in starch produces maltose and isomaltose |
| Characteristics of lysozyme | anti bacterial hydrolyzes the polysaccharides in cell membranes/walls |
| Digestion Sequence | gastrin, histamine, HCL, acetylcholine, pepsinogen, then pepsin |
| What is pepsin | protease that hydrolyzes peptide bonds |
| What is acid TAG lipase | mostly used in short and medium chain fatty acids |
| Characteristics of biliary secretion | bile salt make up emulsification and gall bladder contraction stimulated by CCK |
| Characteristics of pancreatic secretion | aqueous bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes (proteases, lipases, and alpha amylase) enzyme secretion stimulated by CCK and bicarbonate secretion stimulated by secretin |
| Pancreatic Enzymes | pancreatic TAG lipase, cholesterol esterase, and phospholipase |
| Characteristics of pancreatic TAG lipase | hydrolyzes fatty acyl groups from the 1 and 3 positions and produces 2-monoacylglycerol activated by colipase which is activated by trypsin |
| Endopeptides | trypsinogen=trypsin chymotrypsinogen=chymotrypsin proelastase=elastase |
| Exopeptidases | procarboxypeptidase A=carboxypeptidase A procarboxypeptidase B=carboxypeptidase B |
| Brush Border Enzymes: Disaccharide | maltose, isomaltose, lactase, sucrase, trehalase |
| Brush Border Enzymes: Peptides | dipeptidases and aminopeptidases |
| What is digested by your colon bacteria | oligosaccharides: GOS, FOS, and XOS |
| What is excreted by you colon bacteria | short-chain fatty acids |
| What is secretin | peptide hormone released by intestinal mucosa and is proteolytically activated by lowered pH |
| What is CCK | cholecystokinin, peptide hormone released by intestinal mucosa |
| What is colipase | secreted by the pancreas as an inactive precursor, procolipase, and is activated by trypsin proteolysis |
| What maltase | hydrolyzes alpha-1-4 glycosidic bonds in maltose to get two glucose molecules |
| What is isomaltase | hydrolyzes alpha-1-6 glycosidic bonds in isomaltose to get two glucose molecules |
| What is lactase | hydrolyzes beta-1-4 glycosidic bonds in lactose to get galactose and glucose molecules |
| What is sucrase | hydrolyzes alpha-1-beta-2 glycosidic bonds in sucrose to get fructose and glucose molecules |
| What is trehalase | hydrolyzes alpha-1-alpha-1 glycosidic bonds in trehalose to get two glucose molecules |
| What is dipepetidase | hydrolyzes dipeptides into pairs of amino acids |
| What is aminopeptidase | cleaves N-terminal residues |
| Activated by trypsin | chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase A, and procarboxypeptidase B |
| Activates trypsin | proteolytic activator: enteropeptidase=enterokinase activated trypsin can cleave trypsinogen |
| Simple Sugar and Amino Acid Pathway | Enterocyte, capillaries, hepatic vein, and then liver |
| Fat and Lipid Pathway | Enterocyte, reassembly, chylomicron envelopment, lymph fluid, thoracic duct, heart, subclavian artery, and then body |
| Location of Sodium Dependent Transporters | intestine and kidney all else are independent/facilitated |
| Insulin Sensitive Tissue | striated muscle and adipose |
| What is lipoprotein lipase | complex on the surface of fat that the chylomicron docks onto and is hydrolyzes it into free fatty acids into the fat or muscles |
| What is the majority of cholesterol in your blood hours after your last meal (fast) | LDL LDL (3x-5x) of HDL |
| What is atherosclerosis | Oxidative damage of LDL |
| When you eat carbohydrates what enters the liver | glucose, galactose, and fructose (last two kept entirely by the liver) |
| When you eat proteins what enters the liver | amino acids |
| What are the SGLT2 specific inhibitors | forxiga, invokana, and jardiance |
| Glucokinase | found in the liver increased kcat or vmax and km when compared to hexokinase |
| Hexokinase | found everywhere else decreased kcat or vmax and km when compared to hexokinase |
| Which enzymes in glycolysis consume ATP | hexokinase/glucokinase and phosphofructokinase |
| Which enzymes in glycolysis produce ATP | phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase |
| How do you regenerate NAD from NADH (anaerobic) | lactate dehydrogenase |
| What results from pyruvate kinase deficiency | hemolytic amenia |
| New mother feeds baby juice and then the baby becomes ill, what does the baby most likely have? | aldolase B deficiency |
| Galactokinase Deficiency | causes elevation in blood glucose treatment is dietary restriction |
| Galactosemia | GALT deficiency and accumulation of galactose 1-phosphate and galactitol |
| Substrate-level Phosphorylation | the formation of ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated intermediate |
| Fructosuria | lack of fructokinase |
| What are the substrates of the PDH complex | pyruvate, CoA, and NAD+ |
| What are the products of the PDH complex | CO2, Acetyl CoA, and NADH |
| What is the classification of the PDH complex | oxidative decarboxylation |
| In resting well-fed muscle what do you expect | PDH kinase to phosphorylate and inactivate the PDH complex |
| In exercising muscles what do you expect | increased calcium levels to activate PDH phosphatase (dephosphorylates PDH) |
| What are the five coenzymes and their vitamin deratives | TPP (B1), lipoamide, CoA (B5), FAD (B2), and NAD (B3) |
| What is malate | alpha hydroxy succinate 4 carbon alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid |
| What enzyme produces NADH and CO2 | isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
| Which enzymes produce FADH2 | succinate dehydrogenase |
| Which enzymes produce NADH | malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
| Which enzymes produce CO2 | isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
| Which enzymes produce GTP | succinate thiokinase |
| ETC complexes | complex 1: NADH dehydrogenase complex 3: cytochrome bc1 complex 4: cytochrome c oxidase |
| Enzymes that transport electrons | 1-3: CoQ 3-4: cytochrome c |
| Pumps for NADH | 1, 3, 4 |
| Pumps for FADH2 | 2, 3, 4 |
| How do you regulate NAD+ | glycerol 3-P shuttle and malate shuttle |
| Pentose - P Reaction | ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH |
| First two dehydrogenase enzymes for Pentose - P Reaction | glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and g-phosphate gluconate dehydrogenase |
| A student on a mission trip taking anti-malarias passes out, what is the likely cause | glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency |
| Second cause of hemolytic anemia | glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency |
| Other uses of NADPH | reductive biosynthesis, cytochrome P450 reductase, steroid hormone synthesis, phagocytosis, nitric oxide synthase |
| What is a porphyrin ring | 4 pyrrole rings joined through methenyl bridges |
| What is heme | composed of a porphyrin ring with iron |
| The enzyme that starts heme synthesis | aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA synthase) |
| ALA synthase inhibitors | high concentrations of heme iron |
| What is porphyria | a group of disease that describes a deficiency in any enzyme involved in heme biosynthesis |
| What is the pathophysiological explanation for porphyyria | enzyme deficiency in the heme pathway makes it so that heme doesn't accumulate to the point that it can turn off ALA synthase |
| What is the process of heme breakdown | heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bile secretion, colon (stercobilin) or kidney (urobilin) |
| Hemolytic Jaundice | excessive red blood cell death leads to excessive bilirubin, liver normal but just needs time |
| Obstructive Jaundice | gallstones blocks bile from coming out, no bile out=no bilirubin out |
| Hepatocellar Jaundice | liver disease |
| Neonatal Jaundice | bilirubin glucuronide enzyme not produced yet |
| What form of cofactor binds oxygen in both myoglobin and hemoglobin | heme-iron 2+ |
| What is the structure of myoglobin | single folded polypeptide globular structure, globular protein |
| What is the structure of hemoglobin | heterotetramer dimer of heterodimers. |
| What facilitates oxygen binding in the lungs | decrease proton (increased pH), decrease CO2, decrease 2,3-BPG |
| What facilitates oxygen binding in the peripheral tissue | increase proton (decreased pH), increase CO2, increase 2,3-BPG |
| What brings on a pain crisis | low oxygenation |
| How would someone with SCD avoid a pain crisis | be well oxygenated |
| Qualitative Hemoglobinopathies | sickle cell disease |
| Quantitative Hemoglobinopathies | thalassemia |
| T vs R Structure | T=taut R=relaxed |
| What effects T-R equilibrium? Stabilizes T/facilitates O2 release | increase proton, increase CO2, increase 2,3-BPG |
| FADH Complex | succinate dehydrogenase |
| Oxaloactate | alpha=ketosuccinate or 4-alpha-ketodicarboxylic acid |
Created by:
Hopethisworks
Popular Biochemistry sets