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APUSH stduy
colonial history is actually the worst
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were the three motivations for European colinization in the Americas? | Gold Glory and God |
| Explain Two ways that Indigenous peoples were stewards of the land. | Using controlled fires to help shape the land and creating roads/trails along waterways. |
| What were the three sisters? | A growing technique invented by NA, using corn, beans and squash. corn would grow, the beans would climb it, and the squash would protect it. |
| What were the characteristics of indigenous tribes in the east? | lived in villages in eastern dedidous forrest, planted crops like corn beans etc, and were matrinal. they also had generally good soil |
| What were the characteristics of indigenous tribes in the Northwest? | more isolated then other tribes due to the mountains. often lived in permanent settlements, and had incredibly rich + fertile soil |
| What were the characteristics of indigenous tribes in the SouthWest. | Two prominent styles- Nomadic and farming. had advanced irrigation systems. |
| What were the characteristics of indigenous tribes in the Greatplains? | Teepees or loghouses, many matrinal societys, Buffulo very important, and they travelled based on seasons. |
| What in europe caused people to want to come to america during the 1600s? | Religious conflict leading to many wars and general unrest. |
| What was Columbus's motivation to travel to the americas? | The spanish wanted to find a new route to trade with asia, as the ottoman empire was blocking the current one. |
| Who was Prince Henry the Navigator? | He was a navigator from spain who sponsered many voyages and expeditions. |
| What was the Treaty of Tortellines? | the pope drew a border in the americas, for the land that would be portugals, and the land that would be spains. In 1494, they moved the line a few miles and then signed the treaty to divide the americas. |
| What year was the treaty of tortellines signed? | 1494 |
| What was the English's first attempt at a colony? | Roanoke, by sir walter raleigh, in 1587. It ultimately failed. |
| When did Christopher Colombus set sail? | 1492. he landed in the bahamas. |
| How did the Colombian Exchange impact native americans? | it killed almost 95% of Native Americans due to transfer of disease for which NA didnt have immunity. |
| How was the global population affected by the Colombian Exchange? | The global population went up due to more access to food. |
| How did the Global Economic system change during the 1600s? | There was a switch from feudalism into capitalism due to an emphasis on trade and capital |
| What was a Joint Stock Company? | A Buisness owned by a large number of investors, minimizing financial loss when things went wrong. |
| Why were Joint Stock Companies created? | There was a lot of profit in voyages to the Americas, but they came with a huge risk of not surviving the journey. By adding more investors, there was less risk associated. |
| Who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico? | Hernan Cortez |
| Who conquered the Incas in Peru? | Fransisco Pizzaro |
| What was the Spanish Ecomiendo system? | A system in which granted land owners slaves, who worked on there property in turn for shelter and food. |
| What was the Spanish Asiento System? | A system created by the Spanish which made every slave sold to colonists result in taxes for the king of Spain. |
| What was the Spanish Caste System? | System used in mexico to seperate people based on skin color after people started marrying interracially. went pure blood spaniards> % of mixing > pure blood NA |
| What were the initial interactions between English and Native Americans? | Initially coexisted, and expelled rather than subjected. |
| What were the initial interactions between French and Native Americans? | They were allies militarily and economically |
| What were the new laws of 1542? | Laws that ended the enslavement of native americans in mexico and the ecomienda system |
| What was the Vallaladid debate? | A formal debate held in spain debating the role of NA. no conclusion was made. Bartolame de la casas advocated for NA rights, where Jaun Gines de Sepelveda argued the opposite. |
| List some native american survival strategies. | Allying with europeans for millitary support, or moving away. |
| List the Chesapeake Colonies. | Maryland and Virginia |
| List the Middle Colonies. | New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. |
| List the Colonies of New England. | Massachusettes, Rhode Island, Connetticutt, and New Hampshire. |
| List the Southern Colonies. | Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina |
| What was the Demographics of Spanish Colonists? | Mainly single men. in fl, nm, az, tx, and ca. |
| What was the motivation of Spanish Colonists? | To spread the roman catholic religion |
| What was the first SUCCESFUL colony? | Jamestown, 1607 |
| Who founded Jamestown? | Virginia Company (joint stock company) |
| What the three biggest challenges settlers faced in Jamestown? | in a swamp (disentary/cholera) , Didnt bring any workers, and conflict with natives. |
| Define Headright. | 50 acres of land given to new settlers. |
| What were the three types of colonies? | Corporate, Royal, and Proprietary |
| Define Corporate Colony. | Colonies settled typically through joint stock companys, which are focused on economic gain. |
| Define Royal Colony. | A colony under direct authority of the king |
| Define Proprietary Colony. | Colonies under rule of people given charters of ownership via the king. |
| Who typically settled in New England? | Puritans and families. |
| Who founded Plymouth Colony? | Seperests who were searching for religious freedom. Pilgrims. |
| What year did the Mayflower set sail? | 1620 |
| Who founded Massachusettes bay colony? | Puritans lead by John Winthrop |
| What was the Act of Toleration? | A 1649 statute declaring religious freedom for all christians, but death to people who denied divinity of Jesus. |
| What was the Protestant Revolt? | A civil war between catholics and protestants in Maryland, as a result of the act of toleration. The protestant majority won, and removed the right for catholics to vote in elections. |
| Who founded Rhode Island? | Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson |
| Who was Roger Williams? | A banished puritan minister who fled south and founded providence. he founded the first Baptist church in america. |
| Who was Anne Hutchinson? | An Antinomianist who was banished from MA and fled south to found Portsmouth. |
| What was the name of the first constitution in american history? | The Fundamental Orders of CT which established a representitive govt. |
| Who founded Conneticut? | Thomas Hooker and John Davenport. |
| Why was New Hampshire created? | To give the crown more power in NE. it was a royal colony split off of mass. bay. |
| What were the characteristics of South Carolina, from the 17th to 18th century? | It had rich soil and good transportation, and was mainly based in plantations. Mainly profited by making the food for the West Indies. Rice, Indigo, etc. Relied heavily on slave labor. |
| What were the characteristics of North Carolina, from the 17th to 18th century? | Mainly had subsistence farming due to bad transportation options, and subpar soil. Known for democratic views and autonomy from the crown. |
| Who was king james II? | The Govenor of New York, who wasnt well liked. |
| Why did the public dislike James II? | He ordered new taxes duties and rents, and had taxation without representation. |
| Who was William Penn? | A Quaker who inhereted Pennsylvania and became the govener. He also established grid streets, and respected native americans to an extent. |
| What was William Penns goal for Pennsylvania? | He wanted to make it a religious sanctuary, esp for quakers. It was nicknamed the Holy Experiment, and both gaurenteed a representative govt., freedom of worship, and unrestricted immigration. |
| Why was Georgia created? | To work as a buffer between spanish florida and English south carolina. |
| Who founded Georgia? | James Oglethrope. He had bans on slavery and rum, but ultimately failed bc of constant threat of the spanish. |
| What was the House of Burgessess? | The first representitive govt in america, in VA. |
| Define Mercantilism. | the Economic theory that based a countries wealth in capital, and focused on the ratio between exports and imports. |
| What were the Navigation Acts? | Mercantilist policies put onto the colonies by the british from 1650-1673, to give the english more control. |
| List some examples of the Navigation Acts. | Trade to colonies can only happen w/ english ships, All imports to colonies had to go through english ports, ad certain goods could only be exported to england. (enumerated goods) |
| What was the Impact of the Navigation Acts? | Boosted shipbuilding/tobacco and protected the colonies, but limited the economic development because of the control england had over there markets. It increased overall tensions and made colonists resent the british. |
| What was the Dominion of New England? | A combination of New York and New Jersey made by king james II to increase royal control. Fell in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. |
| What was the New England Confederation? | A 1643 millitary aliance between CT, NH, MA, and RI, with two representitives from each state. It was made to protect against NA. |
| What was Metacoms War? | A war between allied tribes in NE and the NE Confederation. The bloodiest battle in american history by percentage. NE came out on top and it ended NA resistance in NE. |
| Why did Nathanial Bacon rebel? | He felt that WIlliam Berkely, and the govt of VA wasnt doing enough to protect the poor from NAs. He raised an army, slaughtered NA and Burned down Jamestown. |
| What was the Impact of Bacons rebelion? | Showed a strong class divide, caused conflict between NA and settlers, and sparked colonial resistance. |
| What was the Mayflower Compact? | majority rule document signed on the mayflower in 1620. first framework of govt. |
| Define Statuary Neglect. | The initially lax regulations of the navigation acts due to the logistical issues of regulating trade across the pond aswell as coruption |
| What was the Pueblo Revolt of 1680? | Revolt in spanish mexico due to the encomienda system. spanish fled until 1692. when they came back the found a better power balance. |
| What was Indentured Servitude in Colonial America? | Put people under contract with a landowner who paid for passage, and had them agree to work for a certain amount of time for room and board. when they finish the time they are granted freedom (?) |
| What was the White Lion? | The first ship to bring africans to america with the purpose of enslavement. often considered the start of slavery in the us. |
| What were the three initial slave laws? | 1641, MA called slaves lawful captives/ legalized enslavement 1661. VA made children inheret slave status 1664, MD banned interracial marriage and made it so baptism/religion couldnt prevent servitude. |
| Describe the economy of new england during the colonial period. | rocky soil+long winters meant subsistence farming. econ built on shipbuilding, logging, fishing, trading, and rum distilling. |
| Describe the economy of the Middle Colonies during the colonial period. | rich soil -> wheat+corn that were sent to the west indies (triangle trade). Philly and NYC trade centers. |
| Describe the economy of the Southern Colonies during the colonial period. | Some Subsistence farming, some plantation farming, colonial plantations were reliant on slave labor. tobacco, rice, indigo. |
| What was the religious makeup of New England during the colonial period? | Congregationalists(puritans) or Presbyterians. |
| What was the religious makeup of pensylvania duirng the colonial period? | lutherins quakers and mennanites. |
| What was the Great Awakening? | A reinvigoration of religion during the 1730s and 40s. lead by people like Johnathon Edwards and George Whitefield. Started the Idea of Damnation. |
| What was the religious impact of the First Great Awakening? | Split Congregationalists into New Lights and Old Lights. Lead to more traveling ministers. Gave a larger call for seperation of church and state. |
| What was the political influence of The First Great Awakening? | Changed the way people viewed authority, and fuel views of revolution. |
| Who was John Peter Zenger? | A journalist who was charged for criticizing the New York govenor in 1735, but was acquitted by a jury. Became a symbol for freedom of press. |
| What was the Enlightenment? | An era where people began to step out of the Dark Ages, and think more in terms of science and philosophy rather than religion and alchemy. Headed by John Locke. |
| When was the French Indian War or Seven Years War? | 1754-1763 |
| What were the causes of the French Indian War? | Control over the Ohio River Valley, rivalry between GB and France and catholic/protestant tensions. |
| What were the Effects of the French Indian War? | GB won which strengthened international power, France was removed from North America, Native tensions rose, Colonial identity rose, and colonists faced alot of debt. |
| What was the Albany Plan? | Ben Franklins plan for intercolonial unity to unite as a common defens and manage expansion of the colonies. Shot down but was a guideline for the eventual unification of the colonies. |
| What was the Treaty of Paris? | A formal end to british hostilities against the spanish and french. Made france lose all land in north america to the british. |
| Who were the Paxton Boys? | A group of white colonists who murdered 20 unarmed Native Americans bc they wanted land (?) / were racist |
| What was Stonos Rebellion? | A rebellion of 100 enslaved africans who escaped and attacked landowners. lead to stricter slave laws and white paranoia. |
| What is another name for King Phillips War? | Metacombs rebellion |
| What were the Salem Witch Trials? | The Lynchings of women in salem massachusetts for supposed witchcraft. 1692. |
| Who were puritans? | People who left england to reform the church of england. settled in new england. John Winthrop. |
| Who were Pilgrams? | people who wanted to make their own church. Mayflower. Sepratists. |
| Who were the church of england? | Subsect of the catholic church that believed more in the crown than the pope. |
| What was Pontiacs Rebellion? | 1763; Native American Chief Pontiac attacked Western frontier. GB used british troops instead of colonists |
| What was the proclamation line of 1763? | GB act that said colonists couldnt go west of appalachian mountains. |
| What was the British response to colonists taxation without representation? | said that they had virtual representation in government because the interests of the empire represented interests of the colonists. |
| What was the Sugar Act of 1764? | Placed duties on foreign sugar and other luxuries, also called the revenue act. Lead to stricter enforcement of the navigation acts. |
| What was the quartering act of 1765? | required colonists to provide food and lodging to british troops |
| What was the Stamp Act of 1765? | required revenue stamps on almost all printed paper in the colonies. the first direct tax imposed. (1st tax not on imports/exports) |
| What was the Colonial reaction to the Stamp Sugar and Quartering acts? | People like Patrick Henry and James Otis called for collective action and representation with taxation. |
| Who were the Sons and Daughters of Liberty? | Secret society to intimidate the british. their most succesful actions were boycotting british goods |
| What was the Boston Massacre? | 1770, a crowd protesting quartering was stopped when guards fired into the crowd, killing Five. |
| What was the Boston Tea Party? | Colonists wouldnt buy tea so GB mad it cheaper. the colonists still wouldnt buy it, and when the GB brought over more tea the bostonians dumped 342 chests into the boston harbor. had mixed responses. |
| What was the purpose of the intolerable acts? | to punish colonists, specifically in NE for dumping the tea. |
| List the four Coercive acts. (1774) | The port act (prohibited boston trade), the massachusetts govt act (reduced power of mass govt), the administration of justice act (royal officials tried back in gb) and the quartering act (gb troops could be quartered on private property) |
| What was the Quebec Act? | 1774 response to tea party. organized land gained from france in CA. set up a ovt wout rep and expanded territory down to ohio river valley. lead to an increased demand for independance. |
| Define Deism. | belief that there was a god but one that didnt intervene in human relations. came up right around us revolution. |
| Define Rationalism. | trust in human reason to understand and respond to their environment. came up right around us revolution. |
| Define Social Contract. | Defined by John Locke. The concept of an agreement among people to form a government to promote loberty and equality. |
| What were the effects of John Lockes Social Contract? | it broke belief in devine right in monarchy, saw power coming from below not above and helped overall to lead to revolution in america. |
| What was Thomas Paines argument for independance? | GB to remote to be logical ruler, gb govt corrupt, directly attacked king george. Wrote Common Sense (1776) which was widely read and available. |
| What was the First Continental Congress? | All colonies bar georgia, sent delegates to philly in 1774 in response to the intolerance acts. Most didnt have desire for independance, just wanted to restore relationship. |
| What were the Suffolk Resolves? | Massachusettes statement calling for the repeal of the intolerable acts, started millitary preperations and boycotting of GB goods. |
| What was the Declaration of Resolves? | declaration urging king to fix colonial grievences and restore colonial rights. backed by moderates. |
| What was the Continental Association? | Comittees to enforce the economy. sanctions of suffolk resolves. delegates to meet again if colonial rights if not recognized by may of 1775. |
| Who raised the first militia for the us revolution? | Paul Revere and William Dawes. |
| What was the Second Continental Congress? | 2nd meeting between colonists. New England delegates wanted independance. middle colnoies wanted to negotiate a new relationship. |
| What was the Olive Branch Petition? | 1775 congress said if they got colonial rights and peace they would be loyal to the king. king did not take to it. |
| What was the prohibatory act. | Declared Colonies in a state of rebellion and forbade trade between colonists and GB. |
| Give three examples of U.S. expansionism after the civil war. | "The purchase of hawaii, Alaska, and phillipines |
| How did imperialism change as the frontier developed? | Imperialism switched from physical control with the development of colonies for the three g's where new imperialism was based off of economic interests and was based more in controlling governments. |
| What were the economic interests for new imperialism? | "Raw materials, and the opportunity for a closed market |
| What was the political motivation for new imperialism in the US? | A belief that the US needed to compete with other imperialist empires in europe or risk being seen as weak. |
| What were the social motivations for new imperialism in the US? | A growing fear that without a frontier to focus on conflict would shift inward and lead to domestic issues. |
| What is Social Darwinism? | A belief in survival of the fittest. often used to justify imperialism and racism. |
| How did Social Darwinism promote US imperialism? | It mixed with manifest destiny and many amercans began believing that anglosaxons were the fittest to survive and needed to spread christianity and themselves in order to sav ethe rest of teh world. |
| How did Popular Press contribute to the rise of imperialism? | increased circulation and ran stories showcasing an exotic overseas. |
| What were the four main objections to US imperialism? | 1) a belief that self-determination applied everywhere 2) a rejection of racist supuriority or xenophobia 3) supporting isolationsism 4) belief that it was too expensive. |
| What was the Monroe Doctrine? | a belief that USA was the 'protector' of latin america from european colonization and therefore would act if it was attacked. Most notable use was the olney dispute. |
| List the four main causes of the Spanish American War. | 1) the Cuban revolt 2) Yellow Press 3) the Dr lome letter 4) the sinking of the USS Maine |
| Define Yellow Press. | "also called yellow journalism, sensationalized things instead of running facts, fearmongering and support of the war. A large factor in the Spanish American War." |
| How did the Sinking of the USS maine contribute to the Spanish American War? | the USS maine exploded in havana w americans killed. spain was blamed for the attack and the us decided to act. |
| What were the reasons for the Spanish american war listed in Mckinleys war messsage? | 1) put an end to barbarity in cuba 2) protect lives of us citizens and property in cuba 3) end the injury to commerce 4) end constant menace to peace that was spain in cuba |
| what was the Teller amendment? | Congresses approval of going to war for cuba and said that cuba to control their own government after the war. |
| What did the US gain as a result of the spanish american war? | "puerto rico, Guam and most notably the phillipines |
| What was the controversy surrounding the aftermath of the Spanish American war? | Debates over whether a nation who fought for independance should control another nation such as the phillipines. |
| What was the Cuba and Platt amendment of 1901? | Said that cuba in return for their freedom must 1) never sign foreign treaty which impaired its independance 2) permit the US to intervene to preseerve independance and 3) allow US to keep bases in cuba mainly guantanamo |
| What was the US's open door policy in china? | "John Hay made letter requesting all nations have equal trading rights in china and later syaing that the US would preserve chinas territorial integrety and safeguard equal and impartial trade in china. |
| What was Boxers rebellion? | rise of xenophobia in china lead to attack on dozens of chritsian missionaries. |
| What is meant by teddy roosevelts bug stick policy? | "to negotiate peacefully but show/ intimidate that you have the power to do otherwise. example would be the great white fleet |
| What was Roosevelts Gentlemans Agreement? | Agreement with japan that limited immigration of japanese workers in exchange for less descriminatory laws against japanese in cali. |
| What was the Roosevelt Takahira agreement of 1908? | Agreement between us and japan for mutual respect of possesions in the pacific and support for open door policy. |
| Which president started Dollar Diplomacy? | Taft. |
| What is Dollar Diplomacy? | promising american financial support and capital in foreign countries either through federal loans or private companies. |
| What are some examples of US Dollar Diplomacy? | "Millitary interference in nicaragua, china and other countries to protect us investment. |
| What was the Jones Act? | "Wilson passed gave full territorial status to philippines, guarenteed bill of rights to phillippines, and promised independance as soon as a stable government was established." |
| What were the Concilation Treaties? | Williams Jennings Bryan negotiated treaties which 30 countres signs agreeing too 1) submit disputes to and international commision and 2) have a year long cooling off period before millitrary actinon |
| What are the MAIN causes of ww1? | "Millitarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism |
| Who were the allied and central powers during ww1? | "allies: GB FR RU central powers: Germany Austria Hungary, Ottoman empire |
| How did germans combat GB navy power? | Uboats or submarines. |
| What was the Lusitania crisis? | German troops sunk a passenger ship w 128 americans on it in 1915. us said intervention if it continued happening. |
| What was the Sussex Pledge? | Germay said that they wouldnt sink passenger or merchant ships without warning. respones to lusitania. |
| How did the US economically support the allies during the first world war? | provided supplies that couldnt get to the germans due to a naval blockade and permitting us companies to give loans to GB and FR to support war effort. |
| How was public opinion of the ww1 swayed in the US by ethnicity? | "german desendents backed germany and irish descendents hated GB. itallians backed italy when they joined the allies. |
| What was the demographic of those agianst the first world war? | "Suffragets, Pacifists and the midwest |
| What was Wilsons now ironic campaign slogan when running for reelection in 1916? | He kept us out of war. |
| What were the immediate causes of us intervention in ww1? | "Zimmerman telegraph, Russian Revolution, and Renewed Sub Attacks. |
| What was the Zimmerman Telegraph? | intercepted message from germany to mexico proposing allyship in return for recovering old land taken by US. |
| What were some things mentioned in the 14 points for peace? | "recognition of freedom of the seas end to secret treaties, reduction of national arments, removal of trade barriers, and a general association of nations. |
| What was the Treaty of Versaillle? | Treaty ending ww1 |
| What were the terms for peace listed in the Treaty of Versailles? | "1) germans punished w reparations disarment and smaller territory 2) apply Self determination to Germ Austria hungary, and 3) maintain treaties through the league of nations. US didnt join out of isolationism." |
| How did american government mobilize industry in light of world war 1? | "rations began put industries like the railroads in public control in order to standardize equipment and coordinate traffic, deve;o[ed a labor board etc." |
| How did the american government raise money for ww1? | Through Liberty Bonds which were payback loans to the government for 30 years time. raised a total of 33 billion dollars/ |
| What were the espionage and sedition acts? | Acts limiting civil liberties during ww1. espionage act of 1917 said 20yrs in jail for rebellion or draft dodging. sedition act said that anyone who talked bad abt govt went to jail. |
| what was the selective service act (1917)? | a draft that automatically drafted 21-30 yr old men into the selective service. |
| What were some effects of ww1 on american society? | "Women with jobs rural to urban migration, huge migration of mexicans. |
| What was the great migration? | 4mil african americans left south cause of 1)segregation/racial violence 2) diseased cotton 3) limited economic opps in the south |
| What were the Palmer Raids? | "6,000 people arrested w little to no evidence suspected to be anarchists as a result of a series of unexplained bombings." |
| What were the 6 causes of the Great Depression? | "Distribution of wealth lack of diversification, poor banking practices, european economic issues, lack of support for farmers, and overproduction." |
| What caused the economic prosperity from 1919-1929? | "Increased productivity better energy technologies, governmental support of big buisnes, consumer economy, and the automobile. |
| Why were farmers the first people hit by the great depression? | Farmers relied on wartime prosperity. when the war ended farmers had debt after being forced to expand to accomodate the war. New tech and production increases lead to more debt to to a surpluss of crops and massive deflation of agricultural goods. |
| Why did labor unions struggle from 1919-1929? | Many companies had open shop policies that meant they were open to non union workers and others engaged in welfare capitalism that voluntarily gave better things to discourage unions. |
| What was Modernism? | A religious movement of protestants who believed they could take a historical and critical perspective on the bible aswell as accept darwins evolution without giving up faith. |
| What was Fundamentalism? | Protestants who were taught every word of the bible was fact and who blamed modernists for a decline in morals. |
| What was the geographical divide between fundamentalism and modernism? | "fundamentalism in rural south, modernism in north. |
| What was the Scopes Trial? | John Scopes taught evolutionary theory and was arrested for it. the trial was largely publisized but ultimatly he was convicted. |
| What demographic was immigrating to the united states during the 1920s-30s? | Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe. 'new immigrants'. |
| What were Quota Laws? | "Anti-immigrnat quota laws to attempt to keep out eastern and southern european immigrnats. the first said 3% of the population during the 1910 census, the second 2% of the 1890 census, or before these immigrant groups were migrating as much. |
| What was the case of Sacco and Vanzeth? | "Two italian immigrnats who were convicted of murder. many people believed that they didnt get a fair trial due to their ethnicity. Regardless, they were executed in 1924 |
| What was the Harlem Rennesiance? | "Revolution of black artists and intelectuals in harlem who were gathered due to the great migration. Figures include Langsten Hughes, Bessie Smith, Luis Armstrong Etc. |
| "What was the defining characteristic of the presidencies of Harding, Coolidge and Hoover? | All old guard republicans who believed that if buisness and profit took the lead the country would develop better. |
| What caused the Crash of 1929? | The boom market that had been happening for years began crashing. when the stock market fell so did those who invested. people tried pulling out but too many people tried to and it fell harder. Enabled by poor government regulation of the stock market. |
| How did uneven income distribution lead to the great depression? | "Profits rose but wages didnt by with them. people could no longer afford consumer goods, meaning more people got laid off, meaning more people couldn't afford consumer goods creating a cycle. |
| What was Stock Market Speculation? | A leading cause of the 1929 crash. Strategy where people would invest in stock and immedietly pull out because they thought the stock would go up. |
| What does it mean to Buy stock on margin? | "people could borrow most of the price of a stock but could only repay it if the stock increased. if the stock didnt increase they would be in debt." |
| How did Credit contribute to the great depression? | Low interest and belief in econ prosperity lead to more loans lead to more defaults on loans. |
| What were the issues farmers were facing during the great depression? | "overproduction, debt, low prices as a result of ww1, dust bowl and other issues ecological issues from overfarming." |
| How did government policies contribute to the great depression? | "Laissez faire econ beliefs. congress gave high tariffs protecting industry but hurting agriculture and trade. they also kept tight policies while banks failed, instead of stabalizing they stuck to gold standard causeing mas bank failures." |
| How did Hoover fail to address issues of great depression? | he tried to push self relliance and private companies. He thought if the government stepped in people wouldnt help themselves. pull yourself up by the bootstraps mental. |
| How did international economic issues contribute to the great depression? | put high tarrifs on europe lead to high tarriffs here. international trade halted. many countries couldnt pay back debt from ww1 causing even more issues.US failed to see these issues and continued with policies no longer working like the dawes act. |
| Why did Hoovers federal farmer fail to address the needs of farmers. | tried stabalizing prices by storing surplusses but couldnt handle the actual surpluss farmers had. |
| Why did hoovers Reconstruction Finance Corperation fail to address the issues of the great depression? | "Gave federal support but really only helped rich corperations, not the workers who were struggling the most |
| What was the Bonus March? | 1000 unemployed vets marched on washington for bonuses they were promised. met with police hostility and ended in tragedy. |
| What did FDR run on in 1932? | "Repeal of prohibition, Aid for unemployed, and cuts in govt spending. |
| What was FDRs New Deal Philosphy? | "Commited to action no matter how experimental it was. The 3Rs; relief, recovery and reform. |
| What was the purpose of each of FDRs three Rs? | Relief: help people out of work Recovery: help buisnesses and economy and Reform: reform american economic institutions. |
| How did FDR provide relief for the unemployed? | "Created Jobs w more demand for goods and services and looked o create more jobs in the private sector. EG: FERA, PWA, CCC TVA |
| What were some of the financial recovery and reform programs of the first new deal? | "Emergency bank relief act glass steagall act, FDIC etc." |
| What did the FDIC do? | Guarenteed individual bank deposits |
| What was the National Recovery Association? | "guarenteed standard wages and hours as well as production prices, also gave unions increased rights. deemed unconstitutional." |
| "What was the AAA, and what was its biggest consequence? | Agricultural adjustment administration. encouraged reduced production in return for fed money to attempt to prevent a surpluss. deemed unconstitutional later. Displaced many african american farm hands and sharecroppers. |
| What was the SEC? | Secyruties and exchange commission. regulated the stock market and put resrictions on stock speculation. required full audits of corps to protect consumers. |
| What was the Federal Housing Administration and what was its largest consequecne? | "insred bank loans for building repairing and purchasing homes. Was the birthplace of redlining, and lead to disparites in generational wealth. |
| What was the Natl labor relations or wagners act of 1935? | Gaurentee of workers rights to join a union and collectivly bargain. outlawed unfair labor practices. |
| What was the Social Security Act? | Federal insurance program based on collection of payments from employees/employers throughout career. used to make monthly payments to elderly unemployed disabled and dependents. |
| What were the criticizms of the New Deal? | "One side said it did to much for buisness+failed to adress problems of minorities, believed a last ditch effort to save capitalism. Other believed gave govt too much power. Buisness alarmed by increased regulations, prounion stance and deficit financing |
| What was FDRs court reorginization plan? | proposed the president could add a justice to scotus for every justice over 70. shot down and seen as an attempt to overthow checks nd ballences. |
| what was establisged in the fair labor standards act? | "minimum wage, Maximum hours, and child labor laws. |
| What were the causes of the 1937-38 resession? | Social Secrity tax reduced consumer spending. |
| What is Keynesian Economic? | "said the govt needed to spend more than tax to initiate economic growth, Prime the pump. |
| What was US foreign policy like post ww1? | VERY isolationist. refused to join league of nations bc of this. followed unilatarism w private investments overseas and solitary millitary intervension in attempt to avoid another war in europe. |
| What did the washington conference of 1921 accomplish? | "Five powers treaty four power treaty, and nine power treaty. basicallly limitted Arment, respected territory, and the open door policy. |
| What was the Kellogg Briand Pact and why was it inneffective? | intl pact renouncing aggressive force to achieve national goals. innefective bc it permitted defensive wars and failed to take action against violators. |
| What was the effect on US's role internationally after world war 1? | Went from a debtor nation to a creditor nation. owed 10b from allies and 30b from germany. |
| What was the Dawes Plan? | Cycle of payments from US to Germany to Allies. helped ease the financial crisis but fell apart with the great depression. |
| What was the legacy of the Dawes Plan? | Only finland paid back debt in full. Europeans increasingly resentful and US increasingly Isolationist. |
| What was US foreign policy to latin america like post ww1? | "good. removed troops and made policies to remove troops. negoatiated deals on oil, focused primarily on economics. |
| What was the most notable conclusion from Japanese aggression in Manchuria? | showed the innefectiveness of league of nations, who couldnt do anything in response to japan invading china. |
| What was the Stinson Doctrine? | US reply to Manchuria situation. refused to recognize legitimacy of forcefully established govts. league of nations followed suit. |
| What was FDRs Good Neighboring Policy? | The policy's main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. |
| What are some examples of depression diplomacy? | "recognition of the USSR, Agreeing to Filipino independance and recipricol trade agreements. |
| Who were the axis, and what were their principles. | Italy, Mousolini, facist party. Germany, Hitler, Nazism and antisemitism. Japan, Hirohito, material gain and colonization in asia. |
| Where was american isolationism the strongest>? | midwest and with republicans. |
| What were the Nuetrality acts of 1935 1936 and 1937? | 35 allowed prez to stop arms shipmants and stop civ travel on ships of belligerants. 36 forbade giving loans and credit to belligerents. 37 forbade arms shipping to those in spanish civil war. |
| What events foreshadowed the rise of facism and world war two? | mousolinis invasion of ethiopia germany occupying dmz in rhineland, 2nd sino-chinese war, and german annexation of sudentland czechia. |
| How did ww2 start? | hitler broke munich agreement invading czechia, France and GB declared war once Poland was invaded. axis backed Germany. |
| What was Cash and Carry? | said countries could buy arms if pad in cash. technically a nuetral action but GB controlled seas. |
| What was the Selective Service Act of 1940? | "enabled compulsory millitary service, training 1.2m troops in a year. |
| What was the Destroyers for bases deal? | FDR couldnt outright sell destroyers to gb so he traded them for building rights in a british carribean. |
| Why did FDR win the 1940 election? | the economy was recovering from defense purchases and people wanted someone experienced to deal with ww2. |
| What was outlined in the Arsenal of democracy speeches? | "said that US had to defend democracy; an attack on one was an attack on all. |
| List the Four Freedoms. | "Speech, Religion, Fear, and Want |
| What was the Lend-Lease Act? | ended cash and carry for gb buying things on credit. isolationists mad. |
| What was FDRs shoot on sight policy? | US ships escorting gb navy vessels with lend lease materials to attack all germans on sight. started an undeclared naval war with germany. |
| How did war in europe open the door for war in japan? | "because hitler was attacking european powers japan could expand into their colonial holdings like the dutch east indies, GB burma, and fr indochina. |
| What economic action was taken by the US against japan prior to entering the war? | prohibited exports of steel and scrap to non western countries. froze all japanese credits in us and cutoff access to vital materials like oil. |
| What was Pearl Harbor? | US fleet anchored n hawaii bombed by japan killing 2000 americans. US declared war because of it. |
| How did the US government mobilize industry for WW2? | "Created war production board to manage war industries office of price administration to regulate civ life via freezing prices wages etc. |
| What was the Manhatten project? | r and d project that developed the atomic bomb. |
| How did the US finance ww2? | increasing the income tax and selling war bonds. |
| what was the nickname of ww2? | The good war. |
| What was Double V activism? | Victory abroad over fascism and Victory at home over discrimination. |
| How were japanese americans treated during the war? | Very poorly. put in concentration campls that were deemed constitutional at the time. |
| What was D-Day? | "allies drive to liberate france on Normandy. Successful and considered the most important battle of ww2. |
| What was the Battle of the Buldge? | german attack at counter to d-day in belgium. ultimatley failed. |
| What was the most notable millitary strategy of the US in combatting japan? | Island hopping. putting a base down attacking next island putting base down repeat. |
| Where were the Atomic Bombs Dropped? | Civillian centers of nagisaki and hiroshima. |
| What was the Yalta Conference? | big 3 discussed what would happen with europe after the war and said intl conference to be made. |
| When was the Declaration of Independance? | July 4th 1776 |
| How were the british advantaged going into the revolutionary war? | Had more resources, 3x the popoulation, a large economy, well trained army, and good navy experience. |
| How were the Patriots disadvantaged during the Revolutionary War? | Cyclical troops instead of full time troops, never more than 20,000 troops at a time, chronically short of supplies, ill-equiped, and rarely paid. |
| How did Great Britain attempt to get African American soldiers during the revolutionary war? | by offering freedom to any enslaved person who joined the army. |
| What is a Tory in regards to the revolutionary war? | Pro British colonists who fought on the British side. 60,000. Typically wealthy and conservative. |
| Who was the Greatest US ally during the revolutionary war? What convinced them to become our ally? | France, patriot win at battle of Saratoga. |
| What was the last major battle of the revolutionary war? | Yorktown, 1781 |
| What were the conditions outlined in the Treaty of Paris (1783)? | GB to recognize US as independent. Mississippi to be the western boundary, Americans have fishing rights off of Canada, and Americans have to pay debt to GB merchants+honor loyalist property claims. |
| What was the Treaty of Paris? | Treaty ending the revolutionary war. |
| What was the role of women during the revolutionary war? | provide supplies, worked as cooks and nurses, some even went to battle. |
| What was Republican Motherhood>? | post revolutionary war shift in roles for women that called for educating women so they could educate their children. |
| What were the Articles of Confederation? | Document made after rev war to make a system of govt. generally had a weak central govt. |
| what is the separation of powers? | meant to regulate government through checks and balances. Legislative branch executive branch and judicial branch. |
| What demographic could vote directly after the revolutionary war? | white male land owners. |
| What was the structure of government set up by the Articles of Confederation. | 1 body,1 house 1, congress. each state had one vote and 9 votes needed to pass important laws. amending Articles needed a unanimous vote. |
| What powers were given to Congress under the articles of confederation? | congress could wage war, make treaties, send diplo and borrow money. |
| What powers did Congress NOT have under the articles of confederation? | the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. |
| What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? | Set rules for making new states and prohibited slavery in the great lakes region. |
| How were the articles of confederation weak? | not respected in foreign affairs, no way to get out of debt without tax, and states were treated as rivals not allys. |
| What was Shays rebellion? | 1786 rebelllllion over tax, debaters prisons, and lack of paper money. highlighted the weakness of the central government. |
| What was the Anapolis convention? | A conference held by George Washington about how the government would continue |
| What were the key issues at the constitutional convention? | Some said that the system as it stood needed to be. completely restarted(hamilton). arguments were made for a stronger central government. |
| What is the seperation of powers? | dividing political powers into different branches to keep it balanced and provide checks and balances: judicial legislative executive |
| What was the Virginia plan? | a plan that favored larger states with a number of votes being based off the population of a state. |
| What is the rhode island plan? | a plan favoring mallet states by providing an even number of votes to e dry state. |
| what was the connecticut plan? | The great compromise. two houses of congress , with the senate having the same amount of votes and the house being based on population |
| What was the 3/5ths. compromise? | compromise catering to the south that made enslaved people count for 3/5ths of a person. |
| what was the commercial compromise? | allowed congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce but prohibited taxes on exports. |
| what is the electoral college system ? | the number of electors for a state is th e number of reps and senators . |
| What were the characteristics of. federalists post revolutionary war? | Supported ratification, strong central gov, emphasized weak articles of confer, strong leadership, bill of rights. |
| What were the characteristics of antifederalist post revolutionary war? | opposed rQtification, states rights over central gov, said constitution worse than the, distrust of govt, not as united as feds |
| Who wrote the federalist papers? | John jay, James Madison, and alexander hamilton. |
| What were the federalist papers? | a series of 85 essays to defend the constitution, catering to the state of NY. |
| What could the Federal government do under the constitution after it was written? | decide on national defense, settle foreign affairs, and settle cross state issues. the federal government became more powerful as time passed. |
| What does the Legislative Branch do? | Congress, made up of the house and senate, makes laws passes taxes and allocates spending. |
| What does the Executive Branch do? | The president and friends reccomends and carrys out laws and federal programs. |
| What does the Judicial Branch do? | SCOTUS and federal courts interpret the laws aswell as the constitution. |
| What are some examples of checks and balances? | Prez can veto congress, prez treaties have to be ratified by congress, scotus can stop enforcement by exec branch, and the prez chooses judges. |
| What are the rights outlined in the first ammendment? | Speech, Religion, Press, Petition, Protest. |
| What is the second ammendment. | the right to bear arms. |
| What was the defining features of hamiltons financial plan? | have fed govt assume state debts and pay off national debt. protect local econ by putting high tarrifs on imports. establishing a natl bank. |
| What was the Proclomation of Nuetrality (1793). | Washington said that the US was nuetral on the ongoing civil war in france. set up precedent of nuetrality in europe. |
| What was the Whiskey Rebellion? | After hamilton passed taxes on whiskey farmers began refusing to pay taxes. gw sent troops in response. |
| What was the Public Land Act of 1796? | Established procedures for dividing and selling federal land. |
| What were the two most important points in the Washington Farewell Adress? | Neutrality in europe/ in foreign affairs, and to not get into parties/ fall into sectionalism. |
| What was the XYZ affair? | unknown french miniters accepted bribes to enter into negotiations. lead to resentment towards the french. |
| What was the Alien and Sedition Act? | Alien act which allowed th eresident to deport 'dangerous' aliens and detain them in times of war. Sedition act which made it illigal for newspapers to critisize congress and the president. |
| What kind of economy emerged following the ratification of the constitution? | a market economy. |
| What was the louisianna purchase? | a huge chunk of land throughout the middle of america which was bought after the napolieanic wars. 1803. |
| What was the Federalist conspiracy>? | burr and other radical federalists conspired to succeed the north. they were unsuccesful +tried for treason and it led to the downfall of the federalist party out of fear of seeming unamerican. |
| What was Marbury v Madison? | Marshall court case that established the proccess of judcial review/ allowed scotus to check the actions of the exec + legi branches. |
| what was mccolough v maryland? | A marshall court case which helped to establish that federal laws are more important than state laws, as well as establish a natl bank. |
| what was gibbons v ogden? | marshall court case that established that the federal government had control over interstate commerce |
| What was the era of good feelings? | A period of nationalism followinng the war of 1812, with optimism and goodwill due to the one party system. regardless of the name, there were still internal problems. |
| What is the Tarriff of 1816? | a tarriff to protect us manufacturers from gb. it was th efirst protective tarriff in american history. |
| What was Henry Clays American System? | A plan for advancing US economic growth. three steps. 1) protective tarriffs. 2) natl bank 3) internal improvements. |
| What were the three steps to henry clays american system? | 1) protective tarriffs 2) natl bank 3) internal improvements |
| What was the Panic of 1819? | the first major financial panic since the constitution in a result of the 2nd natl bank tughtening credit to calm inflation. led to resentment for the bank and debters prisons. |
| What were the new questions and issues arrising from land aquisition in the west? | a dissagreement on slavery, and an agenda of easy credit from state banks, low land prices and improved transportation. |
| Why was slavery so sectional? | Because the northern economy didnt rely on slaves as it was mostly industrial, where the souths plantation system was dependent on low cost labor. |
| What was the Missouri Compromise? | 1820 compromise to balance free and slave states. Missouri would be slave state, Maine would be a freestate and slavery would be prohibited above the 36 30 line. |
| What was the Tallmadge amendment? | A proposed amendment to the missouri compromise that would prohibit the farther introduction of enslaved to missouri, and provide emancipation for children under 25. The south took this as an attack. |
| What was the Embargo Act? | jeffersons response to the chesapeake leopold affair which prohibited us ships from sailing to foreign ports. this hurt the us more than gb, particularily the NE. |
| What was the nonintercourse commerce act? | act keeping the su nuetral but barrred trade with gb/fr during the napoleanic wars. |
| What was Macons Bill? | bill which restored trade to gb or fr only if they agreed to us nuetrality. further said that the us would prohibit trade to the nations foe. |
| What were the causes of the war of 1812? | Continued violation of us nuetrality at sea and with gb on the western front. the gb also gave NA support in fighting americans/ |
| What were war hawks during the 1800s? | democratic republicans from the frontier states who wanted a war with gb. |
| What was the Hartford convention? | meeting of radical federalist in NE that met to discuss amendments or possible sucsesion because of opposition to the war of 1812. lead to the downfall of the federalist party. |
| What was the Monroe Doctrine? | the us would defend the americas against european colonization. |
| how was agriculture affected by the Market revolution? | it made it more efficient, helped develop corn and wheat production, the steelplow, the mechanical reaper, and the cotton gin. |
| how was transportation affected by the market revolution? | roads, canals, steel engines, railroads all became commonplace. Eerie canal. |
| what were the major mechanical development changes in the market revolution? | Interchangable parts aswell asstandardization of goods which greatly increased production. |
| What was the Lowell System? | During the Market Revolution, the hiring of unmarried women to work in factories and living on site. |
| What were some of the issues that labor unions faced during the market revolution. | Scabs, States outlawing unions, and economic depressions with high unemployment. |
| What was the shift in agriculture during the market revolution? | A shuft from substinence to commercial farming. |
| How did democracy expand during the early 1800s? | Universal white male suffrage/ extending voting to all class levels. |
| What was the Spoils System? | During the Jacksonian era, a system began with replacing old federal workers with people who voted and campaigned for this in power. |
| What was the Jacksonian era refered to? | the era of the common man. |
| What was the peggy eatan affair? | Jacksons cabinet resigned after he told their wives to stop bullying another wife? |
| What was the Indian Removal Act? | 1830 act forcing Native Americans to resettle. |
| What was the result of Cherokee Nation v GA? 1831. | ruled that the cherokee nation was not a foreign nation and therefore had no right to sue in federal court. |
| What was the result of Worcester v Georgia? 1832. | Ruled that Georgia had no force within cherokee territory. |
| What was the Trail of Tears? | The forced removal of Native Americans from the south east, specifically georgia. lead to the deaths of 4,000 cherokee people. |
| What was the nullification crisis? | South Carolina nullified a federal tarriff, and in doing so would prove th etheory that states had the choice to obey federal laws. jackson activated millitary in response. |
| What were the Bank Wars? | Jackson blocked the recharting of the us bank against henry clay and nicholas biddle. |
| What political parties were similar to Jackson era democrats? | Democratic republicans and jeffersonians. |
| What political party was similar to 1800s whigs? | Federalists. |
| What were Jacksons Pet Banks? | the withdrawal of all federal funds from the national bank and transfering to state or pet banks. |
| What was Jackons Specie Circular? | the requirement for all future purchases of federal land to be in gold or silver leading to bank notes becoming essentially useless and plummiting land sales. |
| What events lead to the panic of 1837? | Jacksons removal of federal funds from the natl bank coupled with the crash of land sales due to specie circular. |
| What demographic supported democrats during the election of 1836? | South and west as well as urban workers. |
| What demographic supported whigs during the election of 1836? | new england and mid atlantic states aswell as urban proffesionals. |
| What economic development came from the panic of 1837? | credit ratings. |
| What was transcendentalism? | a shift from the reason of the enlightenment into intuition, feeling, individual acts of heroism and the study of nature. |
| What were some of the causes of the 2nd great awakening? | emphasis on democracy changed the relationship with the church, as a response to deism, the fear of greed due to the market revolution, and the growing mobility of people leading to a need for nontraditional places of worship. |
| What was 2nd great awakening characterized by? | an emphasis on damnation, aswell as camp meeting style worships. |
| What is the Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day saints? | Joseph smith and the book of mormon. due to religious persecution mormons moved to utah for a 'new zion'. |
| What caused the age of antebellum reform? | The second Great Awakening. |
| What was the major female lead orginization during the temperance movement? | the womens christian temperence union |
| Who lead asylum reform? | Dorothea Dix |
| How were asylums 'reformed' during the antebellum period? | there was a movement that said structure and disipline would bring moral reform. |
| What was the Auburn System? | A system of asylums in ny that had rigid disipline and work programs. |
| Who was Horace Mann? | Lead advocate for public schooling. |
| What was one advancement during the antebellum period that made education more accesible? | Mcguffrey Readers. |
| What was the Cult of Domesticity? | The Idealization of women as moral lleaders in the home among white affluent women during the antebellum period. |
| What was the Seneka Falls Convention? | Elizabeth Cady Station and others had a feminist meeting in 1848 to discuss womens rights. |
| What was the goal of the American Colonization Society? | during the antebellum period, a movement to send enslaved people back to africa. Liberia. |
| Who created the Liberator? | William Lloyd Garrison. |
| Who was Fredrick Douglass? | An escaped slave turned preacher. |
| What was 54 40 or fight? | a campaign promise by james polk to keep land up to the 54 40 parallel in canada. he settled significantly lower after the election at the 49th parallel. |
| What was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? | treaty ending mexican american war giving us cali new mexico etc. |
| What was the Willmot Priviso? | A proposition to outlaw anything gained in the mexican seccion. |
| What was the ostend manifesto? | a secret plan by the south to buy cuba from spain to gain slave territory. |
| What was the Free Soil Movement of the antebellum era? | A movement opposing the expansion of slavery in the west running on free soil, free labor, free man. Abolitionists but not necessarily antiracist. |
| What was popular sovereignty? | a proposed compromise to slavery where the people in a state chose weather or not to have slavery. it did not end the issue of slavery it just pushed it off. lead to bleeding kansas. |
| What were the 4 points of the compromise of 1850? | calis a free state, new mexico + utah popular soveirgnty, the enactment of super strict slave laws and the outlawing of slavery in washington dc. |
| What was the fugitive slave law post compromise of 1850? | required that enslaved people were to be returned to people in the south regardless. also effectively deputized northerners and forced them to help. |
| What were the Know Nothings? | a nativist party during antebellum also called the american party. |
| How was the Fugitive Slave Law enforced? | shifted runaways into a federal thing, and said runaways had no right to a jury trial. state and local officials were required to help enforce it and any opposition was penalized heavily. |
| What was the Underground Railroad? | A network of activists helping to build a route to freedom in the north/canada. |
| What was Uncle Toms Cabin? | An antislavery book by harriet beecher stowe which humanized slavery and lead to lots of opposition. |
| What was the Kansas Nebraska Act? | popular soveirgnty in kansas and nebraska that overrid 3630 |
| What was Bleeding KAnsas.? | a response to the kanssas nebraska act. to gain popular soveirgnty, people started guerilla warfare in the states to be the majority. |
| What was the Caning of senator sumner? | the caning of a antislavery guy in senate. |
| What was the Ecompton constitution? | proslavery constitution for kansas that didnt have support from kansasns. rejected in congress and by locals. |
| What was the Dred Scott descision? | ruling that dredd scott had no right to sue because he was enslaved people werent citizens. and that congress didnt have the right to rule on slavery. |
| What were the lincoln douglass debates? | debates on the topic of slavery between lincoln adn stephan douglass. |
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