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Units 1-3 Exam
Chapter 1-2: The Science of Psychology+ Research Methods
| Term | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| Definitions of psychology and psychological science | - the study of thoughts, feelings, and behvaior - the study, through research, of mind, brain, and behavior | |
| Qualities of a critical thinker | having amiable skepticism= question everything+consider the sources used in the research | |
| Psychology Subfields | clinical, cognitive, cultural, developmental, health, industrial, relationship, social | |
| availability heuristic bias | - taking mental short cuts based on decisions w/o creating too much effort--> inaccurate judgments+bias | |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it - "after the fact explanations" | |
| Importance of phineas gage case study | iron rod to the frontal lobe--> reveals damage to the frontal lobe alters personality, emotions, and social interaction+mind/boy connection | |
| Importance of Wild Boy of aveyron | Sparked debate with nature vs nurture+issues with child rearing | |
| Wundt, first psych lab | marked psychology as an independent field | |
| William James + functionalism | laid the foundation of psychology; heavily focused on the mind being a stream of consciousness and being too complex to study the individual parts of it--> functionalism: studies of how the mind operates | |
| John Watson + behaviorism | emphasizes that the studies in the field has to be focused on the observable behavior from humans (behaviorism) - "introspection is untrained" | |
| What is a theory? | explanation of how the phenomenon works | |
| what is a hypothesis? | a testable prediction | |
| Pros and cons of self-report | pros: more interactive way of collecting data (deeper view of experiences+thoughts), can be used for groups, efficient in gathering data, con: data may be inaccurate from people's accounts since the topic might be controversial | |
| Pros and cons of case study | Pros: intensive observation that can describe experiences that led up to exceptional attributes for that subject Con: does not apply to the general population (too specific) | |
| Pros and cons of correlational study | pros: shows how variables are related to each other+the world cons: directionality problem*, third variable problem, ethical reasons, does not FIND CAUSE | **= difficulty in determining which variable influences the other |
| Pros and cons of experiment | Pros: enables for the researcher to control the conditions to understand the CAUSE Cons: possible confounds can be found | |
| How to describe a study that demonstrates correlation vs. one that demonstrates causation | Correlation study focuses on relationship between variables Experiments focuses on causation of the study since there is control from the researchers | |
| Identify IV and DV and potential confounds | IV: the variable that changes to affect the subject DV: the results from the IV's effects Confounds: anything that affects a DV+unintentionally vary between study's experimental conditions | |
| Ethics: three basic principles | Respect, Beneficence, Justice | |
| 3 Main types of Research Methods | Descriptive, Correlational, Experimental | dictates how much control the researchers have |
| Descriptive's Goal | describes human mental life+behavior and when+how it could occur BUT cannot provide the explanation part | |
| 3 Main Goals for Psychological Science | Describe, Predict, and Explain | |
| Replication | repeating a study to find similar results | |
| Meta-Analysis | a study that is an analysis of multiple analyses |
Created by:
jane.s_27
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