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Immigration Review
Immigration Unit
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Old immigrants | Before the 1880’s, most immigrants came from Northern/Western Europe (ex. England) |
| New Immigrants | After the 1880s (Civil War), immigrants came from Southern/Eastern Europe (ex. Germany, Italy) |
| Africans | Many Africans came to America as enslaved people, forced to work on the plantations of the agricultural south. |
| Push Factors | Reasons why people would leave their home country and come to the U.S. |
| Push Factor Examples | Not enough land in Europe Industrial Revolution – made farming irrelevant – farming opportunities in America Political/religious persecution Revolution in European countries Poverty and hard lives |
| Pull Factors | New opportunities in the U.S. that would make people want to leave their home country for the U.S. |
| Pull Factor Examples | Factory jobs available Promise of freedom from political/religious persecution Promise of a better life Family and friends already in America |
| Nativism | A belief that the U.S. should have strong restrictions on immigration in order to protect the interest of native born citizens. |
| Quota | Policy of only allowing a certain number of immigrants/country into the U.S. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) | Forbid Chinese laborers from entering the U.S. |
| Nativism (cont'd) | (Ex.- No Nothing Party: by the 1850s, hostility to immigrants was so strong that nativists formed a new political party. Many in the party were anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant.) |
| Gentleman’s Agreement (l907) | Agreement between Roosevelt and the Emperor of Japan – Japan agreed to stop sending more Japanese laborers to the U.S. |
| Current policy | Obtain permission (visa). |
| Categories for immigration include | Immediate family – family of U.S. citizens Family based – family of Green Card holders Employment based – those with business and entrepreneurial ventures |
| Categories for immigration include (cont'd) | After five years as a resident, the alien can apply for citizenship. Once they become a citizen, they are allowed all the rights of natural born citizens except they cannot become the President. |
| Passage to America | Cheapest passage across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans was in steerage (about $12). Voyage across the Atlantic could take a month or longer. |
| Passage to America (cont'd) | Competition brings improvements. Steam ships made the Atlantic Ocean in 6 – 10 days. Conditions continued to be crowded and unsanitary but the steerage area was made larger. Food provided by the ship. |
| Passage to America (cont'd) | Mortality (death) rate cut to a fraction of what it was. 1st class passengers paid several hundred dollars. They traveled in the finest conditions. |
| Passage to America (cont'd) | 2nd class passengers paid $85/person and enjoyed private rooms. Ate in the dining hall and experience the full benefits of the ship |
| Passage to America (cont'd) | Height of the space in steerage was only 5 feet with hundreds of people desperate to come to America crowded into a space not suitable for human occupation. |
| Passage to America (cont'd) | Had to bring their own food. 10% of passengers were not expected to survive the trip across the Atlantic Ocean. |
| Immigration stations | Statue of Liberty: symbol of hope and freedom in NY harbor. Ellis Island: East Coast |
| Immigration stations (cont'd) | Opened 1892 – open for over a 62 year period. |
| Immigration stations (cont'd) | Burned down in 1897 and made of stone to prevent destruction by fire. Located in New York Harbor on an island off the NYC |
| Immigration stations (cont'd) | Processed hundreds of immigrants daily. Faced a dreaded medical inspection. If sick they had to stay on Ellis Island at the hospital until they got well. |
| Immigration stations (cont'd) | If they did not recover, they were returned to their native country (worst fear). Names were often changed for hard to spell names. |
| Immigration stations (cont'd) | Angel Island: West Coast After 1910, many Asians were processed in San Francisco Bay. |
| Life in America | Assimilation: the process of absorbing information, experiences and incorporating them into existing ideas. Melting pot: all the various immigrant groups coming together as one group – Americans. |
| Life in America (cont'd) | Tenements: Since space was so limited, builders devised a new kind of house to hold more people that were six or seven stories high. |
| Life in America (cont'd) | Urbanization: movement of population from farms to cities began slowly in the early 1800s. As the nation became more industrialized, the need for workers in the cities drew people from the farm to the city. |
| Life in America (cont'd) | Tenements (cont'd): They divided the buildings into small apartments. Many had no windows, heat, or indoor bathroom. Often 10 people share a single room. |
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