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Phil Exam #1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Stipulative Definitions | Either takes an existing term or creates one and declares its use in a particular way ex: "by 'blank' I mean/or will use the term to mean 'blank'" |
| Lexical Definitions | A dictionary definition, reporting how a word is used |
| Ostensive Defintions | Defines a term by pointing physically at examples of the term's referents ex: "blank are things such as this blank over here. That is a blank" |
| Definition by Enumeration of Examples | Defines a term by giving examples of the term's referents without pointing to a physical object ex: "great leaders are people like George Washington" |
| Operational Definitions | Defines a term by associating or identifying it with some special action or operation ex: "an acid solution is one that turn litmus paper red" |
| Technical Defintions | Defines a term by locating it in the vocabulary of some specialized human activity or area of knowledge ex: "in science a tidal wave is a wave caused by the tides" |
| Definitions by Genus & Differentia | Defines a term by placing its referents in a genus and by noting what differentiates them from other members of that genus ex: "study bibles are books that contain both the text of the Bible and notes to help Bible students" |
| Persuasive Definitions | Gives the definition of a term in such a way that it attempts to persuade others to think/act about a particular subject in a specific way ex: "abortion is the murder or an innocent, unborn child" |
| Argument | a basic unit of reasoning; it consists of a set of statements in which one or more statements (premises) are offered in support of another statement, called the conclusion |
| Conclusion Premise | functions as a premise because it offers support for some other statement in the argument, and also functions as a conclusion because one or more statements in the argument are offered in its support |
| Difference between an assertion and an argument | assertion is just a claim without providing any further reason to support it and believe it's true |
| Difference between an argument and an explanation | an explanation tells WHY a statement is true, because the statement is already a given fact |
| Deductive Argument | if the premises are all true, guarantees the truth of the conclusion |
| Two rules of classification | 1. mutually exclusive & jointly exhaustive 2. identify essential attribute(s) |
| An argument is valid if | its foregoing claim is correct so it logically follows if the premises are true then its conclusion must be true |
| An argument is invalid if | it has a flawed logical form where even if the premises are true it tells nothing about whether the conclusion is true |
| Two things considered when evaluating an argument | 1. factual strength 2. logical strength |
| Rules for evaluating definitions | 1. includes genus & differentia 2. not too broad or too narrow 3. states essential attributes 4. not circular 5. no unnecessarily negative terms 6. no vague, obscure, or metaphorical language |
| inductive argument | conclusion is supported by premises but possible for conclusion to be false |
| hypothetical syllogism (deductive) | has one or more "if-then" statements with an antecedent and a consequent ex: if p then q. if q then r. therefore if p then r. |
| disjunctive syllogism (deductive) | has one premise as an "either or" statement ex: either A or B. A. therefore B. |
| categorical syllogism (deductive) | has two categorical premises and one categorical conclusion ex: all S are P, some S are P, no S are P, some S are not P. |
| generalization (inductive) | draws a general conclusion about a class of things by observing a sample of the class ex: s1 is P s2 is P s3 is P therefore all s is P |
| casual inference (inductive) | attempts to show that some factor in a situation is the cause of a given effect ex: case 1- a,b,c,d = E case 2- a,b,c,e = E case 3- a,f,g,d = E therefore a causes E |
| statistical inference (inductive) | draws a conclusion about some particular thing/event from a generalization about that type of thing/event ex: most S are P A is an S therefore A is P |
| argument by analogy (inductive) | draws a conclusion about one thing based on its similarity to another thing we know more about ex: A & B have properties s1, s2, s3 A is P therefore B is P |
| sound | if a deductive argument is valid and its premises are true |
| cogent | if an inductive argument is strong and its premises are true |
| factual strength | the degree of confidence we may rightly have that its premises are true (is it true?) |
| logical strength | the degree of support that the premises provide the conclusion (does it make sense?) |
Created by:
Kenya2004
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