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History Unit 1
First Contacts of The New World
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fundamentalism | A religion (ex.Islam or Protestant Christianity) that upholds belief in the literal interpretation of the scripture. |
| The Indies Contains? | India, Asia, China, Europe, and Columbia |
| New World other names and what is the NW? | - Other Names: New Hemisphere or Americas - Americas: North America, Central America, and South America (Also Columbia) |
| Vikings | - Other Names: Northmen, Norsemen, Normans - 1st Europeans to discover the NW in the 10th Century (Late 900s) |
| How did we find out that the Vikings were the 1st Europeans instead of CC? | We found this out in Minnesota. The Kensington Runestone, a recording of Norse exploration. |
| Vikings: Discovered, Founded and Established what? | - Discovered: Iceland, Greenland, Canada - Founded Norman (Empire in Europe) - Established Vinland (Grape vines) in Canada |
| Famous Vikings | - Eric The Red - Leif Ericsson |
| Eric The Red | He was convicted of murder which is a death sentence. |
| Leif Ericsson | - Son of Eric The Red - He was convicted of Cattle Theft which is also a death sentence. |
| Christopher Columbus (CC) | Sponsored by King Ferdinand 2nd and Queen Isabella 1st of Spain to find a westward route to the Indies. CC instead landed in the Bahamas and he brought 3 ships (The Nina, The Pinta, and The Santa Maria) with him. |
| Washington Irving | - American - 1st Person to make a biography of CC - Made the myth that CC had to convince King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I that the Earth was round and sponsor his voyages |
| The First REAL Contact | When the Vikings met the Indians, it was brief. Vikings were only there to run for their lives so they didn’t care about the Indians too much. |
| Viking Characteristics: #1 | - Not with any Viking Kingdom Colonial Effort - Explored in complete secrecy - Purposely misnamed discovered lands - Convicted Criminals running from Viking Society |
| Viking Characteristics: #2 | - Didn’t cause any disease epidemics - No trade or interaction with Indians - No written language - Not Christian |
| Why didn’t Vikings didn't cause any disease epidemics in NW? | Didn’t give Smallpox because the place was too cold and dry for diseases. |
| Why did Vikings misnamed places purposely? | To keep other Vikings from finding them. - Iceland didn’t have ice - Greenland wasn’t green, it was actually cold - Vinland means grape vines but it was too cold to produce grapes. |
| CC Characteristics | - Sponsored by Spain - Explored for westward route to the Indies. - Named places based on what the place or people could provide - Trying to get famous and rich - Caused Smallpox (Disease Epidemic) - Heavily into trade and interaction with Indians |
| Why did King Ferdinand || and Queen Isabella | send CC to find a west route to the Indies? Why did most Europeans (Spain, Europe, and Portugal) wanted to go to the Indies? | Wanted the power and wealth that would come from controlling trade in the Indies and Asia. Finding water routes would allow them to cut out the Middle Eastern middlemen (Muslims) and reap all the profits of Eastern trade. |
| How 2 Indies Became | Since CC thought the Bahamas was the Indies and he told everyone it was. There is now 2 Indies, West Indies and East Indies. West Indies is the Bahamas (CC thought it was the East Indies) and the actual Indies which is now called East Indies. |
| New World Colonies | New Spain , New France, New Netherlands, and New England |
| New World Colonies Religion | New Spain and France = Catholic New Netherlands = Protestants New England = Anglican |
| Reconquista | A series of battles between the Christian Kingdoms and the Muslim Moors for control of the Iberian Peninsula. Lasted for 774 years! (718 - 1481) |
| Battle of Granada | The last battle of Reconquista which allowed Spain to focus on exploration. |
| Columbian Exchange | CC was the 1st European to make the Columbian Exchange in the New World |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Portuguese landed in Brazil which was a no-no since Portugal landed in Spain land. The governments of Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas which allowed them to coexist peacefully in the NW. |
| New Spain | Where? | - South America - Florida - Texas - California - All big islands from the Caribbean - Central America (Andes Mountains from Columbia, Venezuela down to Chile) |
| New Spain | Who were the Colonists? | Catholic Priests |
| Catholic Priests did what? | - Ran Spanish Missions - Were Illiterate - Claimed Indians were people and should be treated as such. (Not treated that badly) |
| New Spain | Colonial Goals? | - Coastal lands (Ports) - Gold/Silver Mines - Sugar Plantations - Conversion of Indians to Catholicism - Search for Spanish/European Myths |
| Spanish/European Myths | Fountain of Youth, 7 Cities of Gold/Cibola, Garden of Eden, El Dorado, Eastern Passage |
| Spain Success: #1 | - No failures - Wealthiest (10x the amount of gold in England.) - Spain Dollars widely used - 1st to send gold coins back home - Largest Land - Lack of Indian War - Claimed Indians were people - Claimed all the goods |
| Spain Success: #2 | - Most successful at converting Indians - No Accumulation Issues (Sub Tropical) - Had Gold/Silver/Mercury mines that allowed them to straight away make gold coins |
| Vice Royalties | New Spain lands that paid the royal fifth (20% Protection tax) to the Spain Homeland. |
| Spanish Slavery (Relaxed, Soft Form) | Indians weren’t good to be slaves since they would either run away or kill themself before they accepted slavery. - Indians were fast learners of understanding languages since most were bilingual. |
| Spanish Slavery | A Few Differences | - Aren’t property (No chains or bondage) - Drug addiction (Made the Indians rely on coco leaves | Would withhold them if they were resisting) - High Conversion Rates - Lack of War |
| Why did Indians had trouble being enslaved but not Africans? | Africans were used to slavery since they did it to their own people for political reasons. Doing crimes or enemies from different tribes caused you to be enslaved in Africa. |
| Spanish Myth | All New Colonies (Except Spain) experience ST Failure because of the Spanish Myth that all you have to do to get rich is to show up in NW and get gold from Indians that hand it to you. |
| New France | Failure | Where? | - Lawrence River Valley - Quebec Montreal |
| New France | Success | Where? | - Canada - Between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains - New Orleans - Mississippi River Valley |
| New France | Who were the Colonists? | - French victims of European Primogenitor laws - 2nd and 3rd sons of rich families (Not Frontiersmen) |
| New France | Colonial Goals? | - Gold - Spanish Myth |
| New France | Catholic | Facts to Know | - Established through explorations of Jacques Cartier - Locations of 1st Half Failure |
| New France | Other People | Jacques Cartier Samuel De Champlain Marquette and Joliet |
| Jacques Cartier | - French Explorer - The first European to navigate the St. Lawrence River |
| Samuel De Champlain | - Governor of New France - Father of New France - Founded French City of Quebec |
| Marquette and Joliet | - French Explorers - Mapped out the Mississippi River Valley - Established New Orleans |
| New France | ST Failure | - No Gold (Spain took it all and they didn’t have a Plan B since they were expecting gold) - Decade of Failure (Caused 1/2 of colonists to return home) - French Protestants/Huguenots - Acclimation Issues (Too Cold) |
| New France | LT Success | - Catholics keep the peace between Indians and Colonists - Control of the Mississippi River Valley - Fur Trade (Indian Labor) |
| How did France paid Indians for their labor in the Fur Trade? | Paid Indians bad manufactured goods (Old guns or blankets) |
| What did France learn about the Fur Trade? | The Fur Trade was better than gold because of more quantity per shipload, Indians provided this, and Infinite demand and Infinite supply. |
| New Netherlands/Holland | Where? | - North America - Hudson River Valley |
| New Netherlands/Holland | Who were the Colonists? | - Dutch victims of European Primogenitor laws - 2nd and 3rd sons of rich families (Not Frontiersmen) |
| New Netherlands/Holland | Colonial Goals? | - Gold - Spanish Myth |
| New Netherlands/Holland | Protestant | Other Facts | - New Amsterdam: Established Henry Hudson in 1609 - Holland is another name for the Netherlands - Dutch are the people |
| More Profitable Dutch Colonies Elsewhere | - Dutch Bahamas (Aruba) - South Africa (Apartheid) - Dutch Guyana (Dutch East Indies) |
| Apartheid | Separation of races |
| New Netherlands/Holland | ST Failure | - War against Algonquins in Hudson River Valley - Lost a lot of land - Acclimation Issues |
| British Mastermind Plan | British secretly funded the Algonquins. When the Dutch lost the war, they had smaller land and were planning to fortify North America. However, the British bought North America in 1674 instead to deal with the “pesky” Indians. |
| British Mastermind Plan | Effects | The Dutch didn’t know that the British were friends with the Algonquins so the British didn’t have any Indian problems. |
| New England | Where? | Southern NE: From Maryland down to Georgia Northern NE: Northern Massachusetts (Later Maine) to Delaware |
| New England | Who were the Colonists? | - 1/2 Catholic and 1/2 Protestant - British Anglican victims of European Primogenitor laws - 2nd and 3rd sons of rich families (Not Frontiersmen) |
| The Anglican Church | - Church of England - Designed by King Henry 8th |
| New England | Colonial Goals? | Gold Spanish Myth |
| British Attempts to Colonize New World | Sir Walter Raliegh’s Colony Roanoke Colony Jamestown |
| Sir Walter Raliegh’s Colony and Roanoke Colony | - Both Predecessors of Jamestown - Murdered by Indians |
| Jamestown | - 3rd attempt to Colonize NW - No Slavery (yet) - Part of the Larger Virginia Bay Company |
| Elizabeth 1st | 1st Monarch to try to colonize the New World |
| Southern New England ST Failure | - Acclimation problem - No gold - High Death Rate - Ignored good advice from Indians - Weren’t frontiersmen - Jamestown was built in a swamp - Starvation in the Eastern Woodlands! - New World Strains |
| New World Strains | Malaria, Dysentery (Bloody flux), and bad drinking water |
| Southern New England LT Success | - Saved by Tobacco - John Rolfe introduced Dutch Caribbean Tobacco into Jamestown - Jamestown had no slavery - Transition to Gold Seeking Colony to Plantation Colony (1st in North America) - Attracted cheap labor from England |
| Colonial Charters | Document that has the privileges and responsibilities for both the citizens and Monarchs |
| Colonial Charters contains | - Lists Colonists’ duties to the Monarch - Lists Colonists’ (Temporary) Privileges - Enlightenment Thinkers will, later on, think these privileges were Unalienable Rights - Had a Divine Signature |
| Power of a Divine Signature | When a Monarch signs a document, it becomes divine - Later on, Monarchs changed the Colonial Charters which caused the colonists to revolt |
| New (Temporary) Privileges | - Head-Right System - House of Burgesses - Colonial Courts - Indentured Servitude - Social Mobility - Profitable to farms |
| Head-Right System | Gave people free land in Jamestown if they were the head of their household (Even women, they were desperate) |
| House of Burgesses | A Colonial government that allowed a fair trial, this was crazy since there was no representation in the English Government before. |
| Colonial Courts | Judged by the people instead of the rich |
| Indentured Servitude | Contract for Labor (NOT Slavery) | 5 - 7 years to work off debt |
| Social Mobility | Jamestown allowed people to raise their social class; while in England, if you’re born poor, you’ll stay poor |
| Copycat | Northern New England | Success of Southern New England encouraged the arrival of Northern New England |
| SNE Characteristics | - Came 1st - Commercial Colonies (Were here for the Spanish Myth) - Wealthy Large colonies - Slavery (later) - Anglican - Joint Stock Companies - Sponsored by Monarchs |
| NNE Characteristics | - Came 2nd - Religious Colonies (Religious Freedom) - Poor Small Colonies - Free Soil (Slaves aren’t considered property for taxes) - Some form of Protestant - Sponsored by Churches |
| SNE and NNE Similarities | - Britain - Founded in Colonial Charters |
| What do Colonists want? | - Predictable High Taxes - No British Army (Red Coats) - Use Spanish Money - Stable British Monarchy - No Revolutions - Profits from Smuggling - Colonial Charter privileges protected and unchanged |
| What do Britain want? | Laws of Britain Mercantilism | - Only British Money - High Taxes - Colonist only buy goods from British Ships - Trading with non-British people is illegal (Dutch, French, Spanish, etc.) - No Smugglers |
| Mercantilism | Businessism and how to run a profitable Empire |
| The Real Reason Americans Rebelled | We used to smuggle goods in since British goods were bad and expensive. We earned a bunch of money. However, when British lowered the prices, we lost money. As a result, we rebelled. |
| Map of British Mercantilism | - BMGS: British Manufactured Goods (Mint, Paper, Glass, Sugar, etc.) - RCGS: Raw Colonial Goods (Tobacco, Lumber, Indigo, Rice, etc.) - 4 Taxes |
| The Enlightenment | Continuation of the Scientific Revolution, except now applied to society. Enlightenment Thinkers tried to find Natural Rights. |
| The Enlightenment Characteristics | - Natural Rights: Natural Laws that govern Man - The Enlightenment was also named the “Age of Reason” and was by nature anti-religious in many ways. - Deism |
| Deism | - The Absentee Land Lord Theory - Doesn't believe anything supernatural - Calculations and Equations made the Earth - God is everywhere - Only Enlightenment Thinkers |
| Enlightenment Thinkers | - Sir Isaac Newton - Nicolas Copernicus - Galileo Galilei - Leonardo Da Vinci |
| Sir Isaac Newton | Calculus and Laws of Gravitation, Light, Optics, and Motion. |
| Nicolas Copernicus | Heliocentric Theory (Sun is in the center) |
| Galileo Galilei | Motion of planets and their moons |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | Laws of Human Anatomy |
| The French and Indian War Cause | - Also known as The 7-Year War - 1 Cause: British Colonists illegally moved over the Appalachian Mountains to go to New France (Trespassing) |
| The French and Indian War Results | - England Won | France Lost - Indians helped Britain in fighting France - 1st Talk of Colonial Rebellion - Before signing the Treaty of Paris 1, France gave Louisiana to Spain to keep it in Catholic hands. |
| Treaty of Paris 1 | - Ended the French and Indian War - New France dissolved - Proclamation Line - Costly Victory of Britain - Britain was bankrupt after The French and Indian War |
| Proclamation Line | - Indian Reservation: Britain thanked the Indians by giving them their own land. - Separated New England from the Indian Reservation - Prohibited Colonists from settling west of Appalachia |
| Post-War British Reforms | - The Redcoats (British Army) are now in New England. - The Crown said they were going to be there only temporarily to fight in the war then go back to Britain. - What actually happened: England began to crack down on Colonial Smuggling. |
| The 3 Promises | - Lord Charles Grenville, Chancellor of the Exchequer (Tax Collector), made 3 promises. - 1st Promise: Get England out of Debt - 2nd Promise: To Pay for the Previous War Debt - 3rd Promise: “Pay” for future Redcoat Occupation in New England |
| 1st Promise | Get England out of Debt - Sugar Act 2 - Cut the Sugar Tax by more than half to curb Smuggling - Has Rider Bills: A bill that gets crowbar in - Smuggling is now treason - Extended Vice Admiralty Court jurisdiction |
| Sugar Act 2 Rider Bills | - Colonists no longer can meet outdoors in large groups - Great Awakening: Colonists meet outdoors to find God. Now that they couldn’t, they were pissed. - Colonial Militia, temp. privilege, are now outlawed. Monarchs were going back on their word. |
| 2nd Promise: | To Pay for the Previous War Debt - The Stamp Act: created a tax on stamps, didn’t create stamps - Stamp Act Rebellion: Redcoats told King that a rebellion was happening so the 3rd Promise came - Boston lead the Rebellion |
| 3rd Promise | “Pay” for future Redcoat Occupation in New England - Quartering Act: ordered Colonists to house and feed the Redcoats. - Didn’t actually live in people’s homes but the premise pissed off the Colonists. |
| Townsend Act | - Put a tax on many manufactured goods (Paint, Paper, Glass, and Tea) - It also gave the British Crown the ability to seize private property of colonists suspected of smuggling. |
| Tea Act 2 | - Cut Tea Tax by 1/2 to curb Smuggling - Is a Rider Bill - Sponsored the King’s British East India Tea Company (BEIC) |
| Tea Act 1 and Sugar Act 1 | High Taxes |
| The Boston Tea Party | - Rebellion against the Tea Act 2 - By the Sons of Liberty - A daylight raid of a British East India Tea Company (BEIC) Ship |
| Sons of Liberty | - Israel Bissell - Samuel Prescott - William Dawes - Paul Revere |
| The Coercive Acts (The Intolerable Acts) | - Issued Arrest Warrants for all SOL for treason - Dissolved the Massachusetts Colonial government - Put the Colony under Military Rule (Martial Law) - A naval blockade around Massachusetts until the colonists gave up the SOL. |
| Vice Admiralty Courts | Laws for the ocean |
| SNE Colonies | - Georgia - South Carolina - North Carolina - Virginia - Maryland |
| NNE Colonies | - Delaware - Pennsylvania - New Jersey - New York - Connecticut - Rhode Island - Massachusetts - New Hampshire |
| First Continental Congress | A meeting that contained delegates from the colonies. |
| First Continental Congress Issued a following things | - The Tea Act 2 and the the Coercive Acts should be repealed - Economic Sanctions would be used against England - Colonies would raise militias - Colonies would act in unison in all future dealings with England |
| Economic Sanctions | - Boycotts: Colonies won’t buy BMGs - Embargos: Colonies refuse to sell raw goods to England |
| Search and Seizure | British Parliament issues Search and Seizure arrest warrants for the Sons of Liberty and the Founding Fathers. |
| Midnight Ride of Paul Revere | Paul Revere, Israel Bissell, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott warned the Sons of Liberty and the Founding Fathers that the Redcoats were coming. - Only NNE: Mostly Boston |
| Battle of Lexington | - Massachusetts militia ambush of the Redcoats - Begins the official start of The American Revolutionary War |
| Second Continental Congress | - Produced the Declaration of Independence - Called for States to submit their respective state constitutions - Began planning the 1st National Government |
| Tories | Most colonies were Tories even before and after the Revolution - Tory: Loyal to the crown |
| Third Continental Congress | - Created The Articles of Confederation - Made the 1st National Government: Continental Congress of the US |
| Continental Congress of the US | - 1 House (Unicameral) - Each state had 1 seat in the Congress (Regardless of Population) - President was elected each year - 1st President of US: John Hanson |
| Continental Congress of the US | Powers | - Only powers necessary to conduct war - Create a national army - Raise tariffs - Declare war and peace - Request loans from the states - Make foreign allies (treaties) |
| The Treaty of Paris 2 | Officially ended The American Revolutionary War |
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