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AP US History-sj
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| maize | important crop for Native American tribes such as the mayans and the aztecs, boosted population growth and allowed permanent settlements |
| encomienda system | basically feudalism in America, spaniards owned land given to them by the monarchy and the natives on it, mostly unsuccessful because the natives would just leave or theyd all die from disease so they needed african slaves to fill the gaps |
| land bridge (native americans) | possible explanation for how people first got over to the american continent, thousands of years ago before the land bridge was submerged under the ocean |
| Adena-Hopewell | Native American tribes in Missouri Mississippi areas, left mysterious big earth mounds 300ft long all over |
| Mayas | highly advanced Native American society in the Yucatan Peninsula, several cities built in empire between 300-800 AD |
| Incas | dominant Native American empire in South America, another complex society with their own calendar and farming ect, conquered by Francisco Pizarro |
| Aztecs | Native American empire in Mexico and Central America, capital city of Tenochtitlan was large as European cities, famous for gold and conquered by Hernan Cortes |
| conquistadors | spanish explorers/conquerors that helped expand spains riches and power in the New World |
| Hernan Cortes | led conquests of the Aztecs for Spain, established spanish presence in Mexico and brought lots of gold |
| Francisco Pizarro | led conquests of the Incas in Peru, helped establish spanish dominance in South America |
| Roanoke Island | first english colony established by Sir Walter Raleigh, ultimately unsuccessful bc all the colonists disappeared mysteriously |
| printing press | helped spread knowledge of the New World in Europe, new exploration techniques and new religious theories promoting desire to migrate to the Americas |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | leaders of Spain during the Age of Exploration, united Spain and helped motivate exploration under new Catholic unity and leadership, funded Christopher Columbus |
| Protestant Reformation | lots of new religious ideas in Europe, contributed to competition to spread their religion to Native Americans and looking for religious freedom in migrating to the Americas |
| Henry the Navigator | prince of portugal during the Age of Exploration, helped lead glory in exploring the New World and establishing Portugals power |
| Christopher Columbus | his voyages headed permanent Europe-American contact and the Columbus Exchange, excellent navigator but brutal with natives |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | outlined portugals and spains claims in the new world, portugal got Brazil and Spain got the rest |
| slave trade (age of exploration) | triangle trade, west african kings sold slaves to europeans who needed the slaves for labor since the natives were all dying and the kings got new world goods |
| Iroquois Confederation | political union of five independent tribes in New York, very powerful force but still not fully united (too much native tradition of independence) interacted the most with English settlers |
| Henry Hudson | led dutch expedition through the hudson river |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | spanish criticizer of the encomienda system and reformer against treatment of natives, helped get rid of the encomienda system by convincing monarchs to enact New Laws of 1542, he still wanted to enslave africans tho |
| asiento system | replaced the encomienda system, tax on african slaves brought to the Americas |
| Act of Toleration | act passed in Maryland colony, helped make Protestants and Catholics welcome, but anybody not christian was persecuted |
| Anne Hutchinson | questioned Puritan beliefs in Massachusetts, eventually exiled and killed by native americans, believed in faith alone instead of display of good works |
| Quakers | religious group in the 13 colonies, Society of Friends, believed in equality for everyone to have fantastic religious experiences, promoted rights for women and were against slavery |
| William Penn | quaker leader of pennsylvania, promoted religious freedom, made Pennsylvania a refuge for fellow quakers and other religious outcasts |
| Holy experiment | william penn's attempt to establish religious freedom and refuge in Pennsylvania, enact liberal government ideas and manage income and profits for himself (Frame of Government, Charter of Liberties) |
| John Cabot | led england's earliest claims in the Americas, earliest european exploration of North America and Canada |
| Jamestown | first successful English colony, thrived off of tobacco plantations, was originally starving |
| Captain John Smith | helped bring prosperity to jamestown as president of the council there, encouraged farming and defense systems, saved by Pocahontas which was probably actually all a setup |
| John Rolfe | first english explorer to bring tobacco seeds and plant them in the british colonies, husband of Pocahontas |
| Pocahontas | Native American woman, helped English colonists in America, for her role as an ambassador between the Powhatan Chiefdom and the Jamestown colony (married John Rolfe and saved John Smith) was actually abused a lot by the colonists |
| Puritans | prominent religious group in the 13 colonies, protestants who thought the church of england wasnt "pure" enough, held very strict religious routines and basically said no fun, believed a LOT in simplicity and societal norms, salem witch trials were these |
| Separatists | any english protestants who came to the americas searching for religious freedom from the corrupt church of england |
| Pilgrims | passengers of the Mayflower that colonized Plymouth, came searching religious freedom, first went to the netherlands but didnt like it so came to america, believed in predestination |
| Mayflower | ship that carried the pilgrims to New England , established of the first permanent New England colonies |
| Plymouth Colony | second successful New England colony, founded by Pilgrims, struggled with food but worked with natives to learn farming techniques, first thanksgiving |
| Great Migration | the migration in the period of English Puritans to the New England colonies, starting with Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| John Winthrop | puritan leader in new england, founded massachusetts bay colony governor, had a vision for a godly commonwealth |
| Metacom | intertribal leader of New England native american tribes such as Wampanoag , led most costly native american revolt against the british, known as King Philip to the british |
| King Philips' War | aka Metacom's war, war that pitted Native Americans against English settlers and their Indian allies that was one of the bloodiest conflicts (per capita) in U.S. history |
| Mayflower Compact | first written government in the US, bound pilgrims in New England, established colonist loyalty to each other and king james |
| Virginia House of Burgesses | the elected representative element of the Virginia General Assembly, first democratically elected representatives in North America |
| Sir William Berkeley | governor of virginia, instigated policies that sparked Bacon's rebellion |
| Bacon's Rebellion | western farmers rebelled against Virginia William Berkeley's government bc he wouldnt help them fight off the indians and they didnt like his economic and political power, highlights class difference and colonial resistance to royal control |
| corporate colonies | colonies in New England run by joint stock companies, ex Jamestown in the early years |
| royal colonies | colonies under the direct control of the King and the kings authority, ex Virginia after 1624 |
| propriety colonies | colonies under the authority of individuals given authority by the king, ex Maryland and Pennsylvania |
| chesapeake colonies | Maryland and Virginia, Maryland attempts religious freedom while Virginia Company contributes to rise of slavery |
| joint-stock company | a business owned by its investors, with each investor owning a share of the company based on the amount that they've invested |
| Virginia Company | English trading company chartered by King James I with the object of colonizing the eastern coast of America, found slaves worked better than indentured servants |
| mercantilism | economic policy that looks at trade and such as a basis for military and political power, made exclusive colonies and strict trade laws |
| Navigation Acts | acts of Parliament intended to promote the self-sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods |
| Glorious Revolution | unpopular catholic king James I was kicked out by his relatives from Orange, he has very unpopular policies and his attempts at asserting control led to uprising,GR ended Dominion of New England and stopped early revolution |
| indentured servants | servants people paid to bring over to the New World who were then in contract with their masters for several years, eventually replaced with slavery bc slaves didnt have rights and were permanent |
| Triangular trade | trade of goods and slaves between England, North America and Africa |
| middle passage | horrible place where many many africans died being shipped from africa to the Americas, cramped conditions, lots of sick just lumped with the dead and the living |
| great awakening | revival of spiritual and religious devotion in the American colonies in the mid 1700s, strengthened ideas of liberty and helped prep for revolution, enlightenment ideals |
| Jonathan Edwards | leading figure of the american enlightenment, great awakening revivalist |
| George Whitefield | central figure of the Great Awakening, founded Methodism evangelism |
| Cotton Mather | another important dude in the Great Awakening, strongly against secularism, influential puritan |
| Andrew Hamilton | British American colonial lawyer, famous fortaking over the defense of John Peter Zenger when Zenger's lawyers were disbarred for political reasons. |
| town meetings (colony eras) | early forms of colonist independence and self rule, towns agreed on rules and societal norms and enforced them, people were represented in committees and types of town meetings varied from colony to colony |
| Patrick Henry | "give me liberty or give me death" dude, governor of virginia during the American Revolution, demanded taxation with representation |
| Stamp Act Congress | reps from 9 colonies met in NY and decided that only the colonies elected own representatives had the legal authority to approve taxes, not the king |
| Sons and Daughters of Liberty | secret society that intimidated british tax agents before the revolutionary war, destroyed stamps and tarred/feathered officials |
| Samuel Adams | wrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter with james otis, encouraged speaking out against the townshend acts, also initiated Committees of Correspondence that exchanged letters about sus british stuff |
| James Otis | initiated cooperative action in Massachusetts to protest the Stamp Act, wrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter with Sam Adams encouraging people to petition the repeal Townshend acts |
| Committees of Correspondence | organized by Samuel Adams, committees that regularly exchanged info about britain being sus or threatening |
| Intolerable Acts | 1774, britain's retaliation for the boston tea party, included the Coercive Acts (punishing massachusetts) and the Quebec Act (organizing and limiting canadian lands from france) |
| Whigs | dominant political party in Great Britain after the Seven Years war, wanted more taxes on the colonies to pay for that war |
| salutary neglect | policy where britain kinda just let the colonies do whatever they wanted, got the colonies generations in to being used to governing themselves |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | Chief Pontiac leads massive native american uprising against the western frontier, destroyed forts and settlements, was put down by BRITISH soldiers with new imperial policies after seven years war |
| Proclamation of 1763 | Britain tried to prohibit american settlers from going west of the Appalachian mountains to try and stop native american conflict, super unpopular and ineffective settlers went anyway and made britain mad |
| Seven Years War | france tried to stop british expansion westward and built Ohio Valley chain of forts, Indians fought with french, british won with Peace of Paris and became dominant colonial force in North America and thought the colonies was a stupid military power |
| Albany Plan of Union | delegates from the colonies formed first form of intercolonial government as a system for recruiting troops and taxes during the seven years war |
| George Washington | first president of united states, federalist, important revolutionary war general, founding father, two term president ect |
| Sugar Act | aka Revenue Act of 1764, placed taxes on foreign luxuries like sugar, companion to navigation acts to stop smuggling and raise money for the crown, those accused of breaking act were tried without juries with crown appointed judges |
| Quartering Act | 1765, required colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers (2nd amendment foreshadowing) |
| Stamp Act | basically taxed everything printed on paper to pay for extra british military forces in the colonies, first direct tax that affected the people rather than merchants and such |
| Declaratory Act | parliament repealed the stamp act but issued this and basically said "but we can tax you anyway anytime without reps" |
| townshend acts | new taxes on tea, glass and paper in 1767 to pay crown officials who had previously relied on colonial assemblies, made it so officials dont really need warrants to search homes |
| Tea Act | made british tea cheaper than dutch tea but colonists still refused to buy it bc it would recognize british right to tax, led to Boston Tea Party |
| Coercive Acts | part of intolerable acts, expands quartering, also the Port Act (closed port of boston and trade til tea was paid for), Massachusetts Government Act (reduced power of MA legislature), Administration of Justice Act (royal officials are tried in England) |
| Enlightenment | movement of ideas in Europe and the world, influenced the rationale behind the American Revolution, rationalism and freedom and divine rights |
| deism | the belief that god established natural laws in the universe and that human intervention should be minimal, influential in the revolutionary war |
| John Locke | important enlightenment philosopher, "natural" rights, influenced American revolution "life, liberty and property" |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | important enlightenment philosopher, promoted direct democracy and was against divine right of kings, influenced American Revolution |
| John Adams | second president of the united states, attended continental congresses and was a Federalist, unpopular president tho |
| First Continental Congress | colonies met to decide what to do about the Intolerable Acts in Sep 1774, endorsed suffolk resolves (boycotts and repeals), Declaration of Rights and Grievances, Continental Association (help suffolk), declared next meeting date |
| Declaration of rights and grievances | petition passed in the first continental congress, urged the king to restore rights and address grievances but did recognize parliaments authority to regulate commerce, king declared MA in rebellion |
| Second Continental Congress | May 1775, adopted Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for taking Up Arms, Olive Branch Petition, king george mad again--> Prohibitory act, DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE after meeting for a year |
| Olive Branch Petition | attempt of the 2nd continental congress to make peace with britain bc of valuing british heritage, pledged loyalty and asked king to make parliament protect colonial rights |
| Declaration of Independence | drafted by Thomas Jefferson, declared colonies independent from Britain, listed specific grievances and justified revolution, declared human rights |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | law passed by the Articles of Confederation, set rules for creating new states in Ohio River area, granted limited self government and prohibited slavery |
| Paul Revere | rode at midnight to warn the militias of Lexington and Concord that the british were coming |
| Lexington and Concord | 1775, first battles of the American Revolution, paul revere warned the cities the british were coming and lexington militia tried to stop them but were run over until fighting met at Concord |
| Battle of Saratoga | first big win for the Americans in the american revolution, convinced FRANCE to be on their side bc france wanted to stick it to britain and britain had to fight multiple fronts |
| Battle of Yorktown | last battle in the American Revolution, cornwallis surrenders to washington surrounded navally at the port |
| Articles of Confederation | government set up after the revolution before the constitution, too weak and unsuccessful, lousy foreign relations, no money and no power and couldnt stop rebellions (shays) |
| Treaty of Paris | treaty that ended the American Revolution, britain recognizes USA as independent nation, mississippi river is boundary of USA, USA can fish off canada, USA would pay debts owed |
| Thomas Paine | author of common sense, argued that it didnt make sense for a tiny island to rule them, advocated for breaking ties with britain bc the laws were corrupt and unreasonable, made revolution ideas seem less radical and more reasonable |
| Patriots | 40% of americans, pro revolution, usually from New England and VA, local militia service, always short of supplies and equipment, africans promised freedom (matched british offer) |
| Loyalists (Tories) | 20-30% of americans, anti revolution, wanted to wait and let things work out with britain, targeted after the war and moved to canada lots, American indians on this side usually |
| minutemen | colony militia men, volunteer beginnings of the american revolutionary army |
| Valley Forge | super super rough winter camp during revolutionary war, big morale dropper and losses but washington held them together |
| Abigail Adams | wife of John Adams, advocate for womens rights, pleas to "remember the ladies" went unheard |
| Shays Rebellion | 1786, farmers didnt like post revolutionary war taxes or useless paper money or debt imprisonment so they rebelled, example of weakness of Articles of Confederation |
| Alexander Hamilton | big Federalist dude, advocated for Constitution, national bank, bigger government overall, wrote most of the Federalist papers |
| Federalists | led by Alexander Hamilton, wanted big industrial America, pro British, large government, merchants from the north and elites |
| Anti-Federalists | led by Thomas Jefferson, didnt like the constitution, wanted smaller government, preview for democratic republican party |
| The Federalist Papers | written by Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay to persuade the public that the constitution was necessary |
| Bill of Rights | compromise to get the Constitution in place, list of rights written by James Madison to put checks on governmental powers |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | bad acts by President John Adams that made it harder for immigrants to become citizens and made it so you couldnt criticize the government, led to states claiming they could nullify federal laws, made john adams super unpopular |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | kentucky and virginia didnt like the alien and sedition acts under john adams and basically said that states could nullify federal laws if they found them unconstitutional |
| Constitutional Convention | meeting where the constitution was come up with, eventually just to try and fix the articles but hamilton convinced for a new government |
| Virginia Plan | plan for voting in the constitutional convention that the large states liked where you got one vote per person, voting corresponded with population |
| New Jersey Plan | plan for voting in the constitutional convention that the small states liked where you got one vote per state, no matter the size |
| Great Compromise/ Connecticut Plan | compromise at the constitutional convention, resulted in a bicameral legislature where both the virginia and new jersey plans were fulfilled, roger sherman (senate and the house of reps) |
| House of Representatives | part of the great compromise that represents the Virginia Plan, voting is proportional to population |
| Senate | part of the great compromise that represents the new jersey plan, each state gets the same amount of votes |
| Three-Fifths compromise | compromise at the constitutional convention that resolved how many votes states with big slave populations would have, each slave counts for 3/5 of a person |
| Legislative branch | branch of the government that writes the laws and policies |
| judiciary act | established the structure and jurisdiction of the federal court system and created the position of attorney general |
| Supreme Court | highest court, can rule on constitutionality of state courts, one chief justice and five associate justices |
| Whiskey Rebellion | 1794, small farmers didnt like the whiskey tax, they refused to pay and attacked the revenue collectors, Washington federalized state militias in response and show of force collapsed rebellion |
| Democratic-Republican party | wanted small agrarian America, small government, pro France, freedom for the people, South people |
| Revolution of 1800 | the change from federalist to democratic republican control when adams lost to jefferson |
| french revolution | an issue that led to the creation of the first two democratic parties, one pro france (democratic republicans) one pro British( federalists), washington stayed neutral bc america was too fragile |
| Proclamation of neutrality (1793) | washington said the USA wouldnt get involved in the french revolution because they were too young and fragile to get involved in a european war, despite popular support |
| XYZ affair | john adams sent delegates to france to stop them from seizing american merchant ships (mad abt backsies on french revolution aid), french delegates XYZ demanded bribes to even meet and everyone was mad but adams avoided war, more unpopularity for adams |
| Massachusetts Circular Letter | written by samuel adams and james otis, encouraged colonists to petition parliament to repeal the townshend acts, led to boycotts and increased british troops |
| Boston Tea Party | 1773 dec, boston colonists disguise as native americans and dump tea into the harbor to protest the Tea Act and britains right to tax, half viewed as destruction of property other half expression of liberty, KING GEORGE CRACKS DOWN |
| John Dickinson | wrote "Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania" about how parliament couldnt regulate commerce and against taxation without representation, response to townshend acts |
| Quebec Act | one of intolerable acts, organizing french canadian lands, resented in the 13 colonies, established roman catholicism as quebec's official religion and set up gov w/o representative assembly, extended boundary to ohio river, colonists scared of it |
| Bunker Hill | second battle of the American Revolution, 1775, british take the colonists hill but colonists think its a victory cuz they did damage, good for morale not good for results |
| Suffolk Resolves | supported by the 1st continental congress, economic sanctions that called for repeal of intolerable acts and for boycotts |
| Prohibitory Act | 1775, king george dismisses 2nd continental congress and olive branch petition and declares ALL the colonies in rebellion and forbids trade with them |
| Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms | adopted by the 2nd continental congress, put George Washington in charge of the army, called on colonies to provide troops, set up Benedict Arnold to march on quebec and made an American navy |
| continentals | paper money issued by Congress during the revolutionary war, became basically worthless with inflation and scarce goods and trade (british got the ports) |
| executive departments (washington's presidency) | washington made a cabinet of advisors to help him with executive presidentiatl duties, hamilton secretary of treasury, jefferson as secretary of state henry knox as secretary of war and edmund randoph as attorney general |
| "Citizen" Genet | french dude that was going around the early USA trying to convince citizens to come fight in the french revolution since washington had declared neutrality, he got kicked out |
| Jay Treaty | 1794, washington tried to stop britain from seizing and impressing american ships, britain agreed to evacuate posts on western frontier, made spain made for some reason |
| Pinckney Treaty | spain was mad bc of the jay treaty so a treaty was needed to make spain open up new orleans to trade, right to deposit and florida's 31st parallel |
| Public Land Act | 1796, established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands, set a smooth process for adding new states (vermont, kentucky and tennessee) |
| Washington's Farewell Address | warned not to get involved in european affairs, no permanent foreign alliances, no political parties, no sectionalism, created lasting legacy and started unofficial procedure of two term presidency |
| Thomas Jefferson | third president of the USA, leader of Democratic Republicans, wanted agrarian country till he was president then he kinda reversed that lol, louisiana purchase, embargo act |
| Louisiana Purchase | huge section of land doubling the USA purchased by Jefferson in 1803 because of spain threatening trade in New Orleans, led to western expansion and lewis and clark |
| Henry Clay | one of the leaders of the War Hawks, pushed for the war of 1812 |
| John C Calhoun | one of the leaders of the War Hawks, pushed for the war of 1812 |
| Tecumseh | tried to make a native american tribe confederacy in the war of 1812, joined his cause with the british and put pressure on the American western frontier |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | rebellion where the native american confederacy led by Tecumseh and made the american frontier nervous, america blamed britain for instigating and added to war of 1812 pretensions |
| John Marshall | influential Federalist judge in Jefferson's presidency and beyond, chief judge in supreme court, helped start judicial review and strengthened central government overall through Monroe presidency as well |
| Marbury vs Madison | Jefferson tried to get rid of federalist judges by telling madison to not give them their jobs (commissions) and marbury sued madison for his commision, he lost bc John Marshall ruled that it was unconstitutional: started process of judicial review! |
| Aaron Burr | once booted as Jefferson's vice president made lots of conspiracies (Federalist Conspiracy-as NY governor would lead secession), killed hamilton in a duel |
| Hartford Convention | convention where Federalists and New England state delegates met to talk about seceding bc of the war of 1812, when the war ended and successful battles happened this made the federalists look really bad, ended their party influence for good |
| Barbary pirates | US merchant ships were being seized by pirates from North Africa so jefferson had to pay tribute but then they wanted more $ and jefferson put a mini fleet in the mediterranean (sporadic fighting) |
| impressment | britain would take american merchant ships but then they would take the american sailor (some of them brits trying to avoid fighting in napoleon war) and would make them serve the british navy, stressor for war of 1812, offense and neutral rights |
| Embargo Act (1807) | jefferson tried to get britain to respect their neutral rights in napoleon war and stop impressment by stopping trade with all foreign ports but economy plummeted and everyone was super super mad |
| James Madison | jefferson's right hand man, fourth president of the USA, led USA into the war of 1812, elections and policies mainly centering around that war, anti-federalist, pro constitution, wrote the bill of writes, federalist papers |
| Nonintercourse Act (1809) | James Madison tried to repair the American economy and foreign trade, said that USA can trade with all nations except britain and france (stay out of napoleonic wars) |
| Macon's Bill No. 2 | James Madison finally said they would trade with britain and france (trying to repair economic damage ) and if one of them respected neutral rights we would stop trade with the foe (napoleon said he would so british trade stopped but he was lying) |
| War of 1812 | caused by France and British napoleonic tensions messing with free trade and american ships and native american tensions on the american frontier, ultimately had no winner but led to more american nationalism and respect on the world stage |
| Battle of New Orleans | final battle of the war of 1812, viewed as a big success even tho it happened after the peace treaty was signed, gave Andrew Jackson popularity and made federalist secession movement look really dumb |
| Treaty of Ghent | ended the war of 1812 by putting everything back to how it was before the war, meant there wasnt really a winner except the native americans definitely lost |
| Lewis and Clark expedition | Lewis and clark funded by jefferson to explore new louisiana purchase, went from st louis to oregon coast, contributed to better maps/relationships with indians/region knowledge |
| War Hawks | democratic republican radical supporters of the war of 1812, put political pressure in place and said war was necessary for american honor |
| Francis Scott Key | author of the text of the U.S. national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner, Key observed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in 1814 during the War of 1812 |
| Era of Good Feelings | era of nationalism, sense of political unity, USA thought they were doing super good after the war of 1812, first term of James Monroe's presidency was probably the only time it was true though |
| sectionalism | an exaggerated devotion to the interests of a region over those of a country as a whole, examples in North vs South a lot |
| James Monroe | fifth president of the United States, era of good feelings, popular president, nationalism, Monroe doctrine, missouri compromise, panic of 1819, beginnings of the industrial revolution, the American system |
| Tariff of 1816 | protected US manufacturers from foreign competition, supported era of good feelings in economic nationalism |
| American System | developed by Henry Clay to advance the nations economic growth, 1) protective tariffs, 2) 2nd bank of the US, 3) internal improvements (roads, canals, ect), hard to get federal funding for 3 (constitution strict interpret) but states kinda pulled through |
| Second Bank of the United States | established in 1816-1836 as part of the American System to help encourage economic growth and bring order to the system, andre jackson eventually shut it down |
| Panic of 1819 | 1st major financial panic in the US, 2nd bank of US tightened credit to control inflation, there was bank closures, unemployment, bankruptcy and nationalism was shaken as well as support for federal politics, counter argument to era of good feelings |
| Erie Canal | important canal built during the Era of Good Feelings/ Market Revolution in NY, model for lots of other canals and revolutionized shipping and trade costs |
| Eli Whitney | invented the cotton gin and the idea of interchangeable parts in the 1800s, basis for market revolution and mass production |
| Lowell System | system started in MA where factories would recruit young girls to come live in their company buildings |
| Market Revolution | from 1790 to 1850, transformed the U.S. from a farming nation to a wage-earning one, inventions in Ind. Rev. like the textile mill and cotton gin helped, entrenched slavery |
| Fletcher vs Peck | case under James Marshall's supreme court, 1819, NH law changed a private school public, ruled unconstitutional, private co cant be altered by the state |
| McCulloch vs Maryland | case under James Marshall's supreme court, 1819, MD tried to tax the 2nd bank of US in MD, ruled state cant tax fed inst, "the power to tax is the power to destroy", fed laws supreme over state, settled ntnl bank constitutionality debate (implied power) |
| Dartmouth College vs Woodward | case under James Marshall's supreme court, 1821, cohen bros illegally sell lottery unauthorized by congress, established principle that supreme court can review decision made by state courts if they involve federal powers (like authorizing a lottery) |
| Gibbons vs Ogden | case under James Marshall's supreme court, 1821, NY tried to grant a monopoly to a steamboat co, conflicted with a charter congress had placed, ruled unconstitutional, established federal gov control of interstate commerce |
| Tallmadge Amendment | first proposal to deal with slavery conflict over introducing missouri to the union, said missouri could come in with a gradual abolition policy in place, unpopular bc south slave states were worried the north would force abolition on them too |
| Missouri Compromise | ruled that missouri could come in as a slave state if maine could come in too and there were no more slave states above the 30 *60' line, temporary fix for slavery representation in congress |
| Monroe Doctrine | foreign policy that was supposed to be with britain but US did it on their own and said that europe cant mess with the western hemisphere or reinstating colonies, basically promoting democracy and made europe mad but led to latin american foreign policies |
| Treaty of 1818 | created permanent upper border between US and canada, 1)shared fishing rights in Newfoundland 2) joint occupation of oregon for 10 yrs, 30 settling northern limits of louisiana purchase |
| Rush Bagot Agreement | disarmament of navy and stuff in the Great Lakes, led to treaty with canada and longest unfortified border in the world |
| Florida Purchase Treaty/ Adams Onis Treaty | andrew jackson "cleans up" piracy and natives and spain is preoccupied with latin america so lets US have florida if US took spanish debts associated with it too |
| Clermont | first steamboat that sailed the hudson developed by Robert Fulton, made shipping faster and cheaper and helped start steamboat lines in the market revolution |
| nativists | movement prominent in the years before the civil war, early 1800s, were scared of all the european immigrants, didn't want job competition and feared loss of american anglo culture, often protestants that didnt like irish catholics |
| Know-Nothing Party | nativist movement in the 1800s gaining political power and nominating candidates through this party in the 1850s, aka American Party |
| mountain men | people living in the frontier during the 1800s, often against slavery, fur trappers serving as guides for other settlers, lived in the appalachians mostly |
| the frontier | in the 1600s was the appalachians, 1700s later the Mississippi, later 1800s the rocky mountains, considered a place of more freedom and opportunities, isolated and difficult |
| urbanization (1800s) | industrial revolution led to huge population growth in cities, terrible living and working conditions bc it was too fast, lots of immigration from europe too |
| Tammany Hall | irish immigrants in the 1800s joined the democratic organization, were often poor and liked that the party favored workers and didnt like britain |
| Irish Potato Famine | led to millions of immigrants coming over to america to escape famine, huge population boost but they were usually poor and served as the level above slaves basically, faced religious discrimination but formed tammany hall political organization |
| King Cotton | cotton was huge in the south because of inventions like the cotton gin, entrenched slavery in the south and also provided close trade with britain textile mills |
| Nat Turner | led an influential slave rebellion in 1831, revolt was smashed violently and things tightened but north became more critical of the south, overall increasing polarization and tensions |
| Code of Chivalry | paternalistic culture of the White South, beliefs in personal honor, defending womanhood and treating other people as inferior |
| slave codes | forbid slaves from getting education and doing a lot of other things that might lead to rebellion, got tighter after every rebellion and received a lot of criticism from the north |
| Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner | secret antiforeign society in the mid 1800s that would lead to the Know Nothing nativist political party |
| Commonwealth vs Hunt | case that ruled that peaceful trade unions have the right to negotiate with labor contracts with employers, important for conditions during the industrial revolution and led to the 10 hour work day |
| Daniel Webster | lawyer in the 1800s, argued for the union when states tried to recess and was against slavery |
| Indian Removal Act | under the presidency of Andrew Jackson american indians were forced to resettle so that US citizens could continue western expansion |
| Cherokee Nation v Georgia | supreme court case under the indian removal act that ruled that the cherokee nation wasnt a foreign entity and so they couldnt sue the federal government |
| Worcester v Georgia | supreme court case under the indian removal act, said that georgia couldnt enforce laws in cherokee territory but Andrew Jackson didnt like the limiting of state power so he ignored the supreme court and they couldnt enforce their decision |
| Trail of Tears | the forced removal of the cherokee indians from georgia, very harsh conditions and 4000/15000 of them died |
| Nicholas Biddle | president of the Bank of the United States under Andrew Jackson, suspected of favoring the wealthy and the bank was denounced as unconstitutional by Andrew Jackson |
| Panic of 1837 | Andrew Jackson did a bunch of sketchy financial decisions like no national bank and relying on coins (undermining the bank notes), economic depression during Martin Van Buren which led to democratic unpopularity |
| Martin Van Buren | democratic president after Andrew Jackson, unpopular during the Panic of 1837 |
| Universal White Male sufferage | came about in the early to mid 1800s, in a lot of state constitutions enabled white males being able to vote regardless of property ownership, led to the "era of the common man" and the election of Andrew Jackson |
| spoils system | practice of dispensing government jobs in return for party loyalty, andrew jackson firing previous government people and replaced with loyal democrats |
| John Quincy Adams | president before Andrew Jackson, really nasty campaign, only 1 term, accused of winning because of a "corrupt bargain", tried to get federal $ for internal improvements and put up a new tariff law that favored northerners "tariff of abominations" |
| "corrupt bargain" | in the election of 1824, 4 democrats campaigned and henry clay bargained in the House for John Quincy Adams to win, andrew jackson supporters accused them of secret political corrupt bargain stuff |
| Tariff of 1828 | called by southerners the "tariff of abominations", led to the South Carolina attempting to nullify it, Andrew Jackson compromised with them |
| Peggy Eaton Affair | Peggy Eaton was the wife of Andrew Jackson's secretary of war, he tried to be the champion of the common woman as well and tried to make people be nice to her but instead everyone resigned but Martin Van Buren remained loyal and became vice president |
| Nullification Crisis | South Carolina didnt like the tariff of 1828 and declared it nullified, set precedent for state power, Andrew Jackson declared it treason but compromised with them and lowered the tariff |
| Democrats | political party, in favor of local rule, limited gov, free trade, opportunity for white males, against national bank high tariffs/land prices and monopolies, south and west, urban workers |
| Whigs | political party in the 1800s, in favor of national bank, federal funds for improvements, protective tariffs, american system, worried about crime associated w immigrants, new england people, urban professionals ect |
| "Log cabin and hard cider" campaign | the campaign of William Henry "tippecanoe" harrison against martin van buren, symbolized humble orgins by wheeling around log cabins and gave people cider, name calling was a big propaganda device, trademark of the 1840 campaign |
| Utopian Communities | came as part of all the reform movements in the years leading up to the revolutionary war, tried to make a perfect society, ex: shakers (celibacy), and Oneida ("free love") |
| Shakers | one of the utopian movements of the first half of the 1800s, had common and shared property, REALLY separate men and women, celibacy, unpopular and dwindled bc no new members |
| temperance | started in the years leading up to the civil war, resumed after, lots of drinking outlawed in many states, alcohol blamed for a lot of social problems, groups like the American Temperance society (abstinence total), Washingtonians (described alcoholism) |
| Asylum Movement | part of reforms before the civil war, Dorthea Dix noticed how badly mentally ill people were treated in prisons and helped establish asylums for them, prison reforms also came across |
| William Lloyd Garrison | leader of the American Antislavery Society, published the first abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, beginning of the radical abolitionist movement, called for immediate emancipation without compromise |
| Frederick Douglass | civil rights advocator, freed slave, very outspoken and influential in the abolitionist movement, spoke about firsthand experiences, wrote the antislavery journal The North Star |
| Harriet Tubman | civil rights leader before the civil war, ran a lot in the underground railroad and helped bring slaves to the free north |
| Sojourner Truth | spoke out in favor of womens rights, temperance and abolition of slavery, overall a representative of the 1800s reform era |
| transcendentalists | movement of thought in the 1800s, valued individualism, connection with nature, supported reforms and questioning authority, led by Emerson and Thoreau |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | best known transcendentalist, popular american speaker in the 1800s, encouraged distinctive American culture, argued for spirituality and individuality over material needs, leading critic of slavery |
| Margaret Fuller | a feminist and advocate of womens rights in the mid 1800s, associated with the transcendentalism and utopian community movement |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | important writer in the early-mid 1800s, wrote the Scarlet Letter, questioned intolerance and conformity in american life |
| Second Great Awakening | happened in the early-mid 1800s, began among educated people, stressed on equal salvation for all, individual spiritual discovery ect, led to reform movements and re-emphasis on religion |
| Womens rights movements | women in the 1800s involved in all the reform movements before the civil war didnt like that men wouldnt listen to their ideas, calls for equality and suffrage were overshadowed temporarily by the crisis of slavery |
| cult of domesticity | the idealised version of the woman in charge of morals and the household while the husband is away at work in the factories, social and family structure change in the 1800s |
| Susan B Anthony | leader of womens rights after the Seneca Falls Convention (1848), led campaign for equal voting, legal and property rights |
| Seneca Falls Convention | first womens rights convention in US history, feminist leaders met and wrote the Declartion of Sentiments, basically mimicking the declaration of independence in declaring men and women "created equal" with a list of grievences |
| Henry David Thoreau | important transcendentalist theorist, stressed the importance of nature in discovering ones self, lived like a hermit in the woods for 2 years, wrote Walden, wrote On Civil Disobedience, basis for non violence protest! |
| Horace Mann | led movement for public education reforms in the 1800s, worked for compulsory children attendance, longer school year, increased teacher prep |
| William Holmes McGuffey | made elementary school textbooks for early public schools in the mid 1800s, taught protestant morals of hard work, ect as well as literacy |
| manifest destiny | the belief that americans had the god given right to spread west across the continent, brought a lot of territorial expansion at its height in the mid 1840s |
| Elias Howe | sewing machine inventor, helped revolutionize garment manufacture in the factory, bringing it out of the home |
| Samuel F B Morse | american inventor, developed the telegraph and morse code which helped a lot with expansion and communication with the rail roads |
| Panic of 1857 | prices for midwestern farmers dropped and unemployment in northern cities increased, south was less affected and believed that their economic way was superior (slaves) |
| Great American Desert/ Great Plains | the area between the mississippi river and the pacific coast, during westward migration was considered pretty undesirable and people passed through quickly |
| Far West | basically the rockies and beyond during the manifest destiny period, fur traders trading with indians, helped provide info to later settlers |
| Oregon Trail | trail that pioneers took to get to oregon and better opportunities, really tough and lots of people died from disease or if they didnt get out fast enough to beat the winter |
| California gold rush | really helped spur on manifest destiny, gold discovered in california in the 1840s, HUGE population boom, lots of chinese immigrant workers |
| John Tyler | president from 1841-1845, worked to annex texas but was denied by congress but he went and annexed it anyway and left the mess of dealing with mexico for president polk |
| Oregon Territory | bought from Great Britain, right around start of Mexican American war in the 1840s, they had to compromise instead of "54 40 or fight", north thought the senate was selling out to the south but the war made them pass the agreement |
| "54-40 or fight" | President Polk's campaign based off of manifest destiny popularity, wanted the oregon territory on the latitude line of 54 40 |
| James K Polk | became president in the 1840s, "dark horse" democratic nominee, ran on manifest destiny an expansion, took on the Mexican American war after John Tyler left office in a mess |
| Wilmot Proviso | a proposal that all territories won in the mexican american war would be slave free, south thought it was a "slave conspiracy" |
| Franklin Pierce | 14th president of the US immediately after the mexican american war, kept trying to extend american territory, ostend manifesto, gadsden purchase, supported south and slavery, democratic |
| Ostend Manifesto | secret negotiations sent out by President Pierce trying to buy Cuba from spain, congress was mad bc it was pro south and slavery |
| Stephen Austin | opened aup banks and stuff in texas so a lot of american settlers came and settled in texas even though it was mexican territory at the time, put pressure on mexico |
| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | general of the Mexican forces during the Mexican American war, also overthrew the mexican government and tried to put down the rebellion of americans in texas, dictator of mexico |
| Sam Houston | led the rebellion of americans in texas against mexico, won independence for texas |
| The Alamo | General Santa Anna tried to violently put down the rebellion of texas against mexico and killed every single american defender "remember the alamo", beginnings of mexican american war |
| Webster Ashburton Treaty | 1842, deal between the secretary of state and the british ambassador about the boundary between maine and canada and minnesota, settled the issue |
| Mexican American War | USA wanted land from mexico for western expansion, fighting over where the boundary by texas was started the fighting (rio grande or nueces river), america was kinda brutal about it and mexico was forced to give up their land |
| Zachary Taylor | general in the mexican american war, led his army across the Rio Grande where mexicans fired on them and president polk could say the mexicans started the war "on american soil", later became president but he died, no position on slavery ,whig |
| Stephen Kearny | general in the mexican american war, marched through northern mexico and seized santa fe so the mexican cession was the US but not legally yet |
| Winfield Scott | general in the mexican american war, invaded the capital of mexico and forced mexico to surrender the war by capturing mexico city |
| John C Fremont | led american civilians who had settled in Mexican california to overthrow the mexican government and establish an independent "Bear Flag Republic" in the mexican american war, first republican nominee for president (homesteads and exploring stuff) |
| Bear Flag Republic | independent republic set up in california when john c fremont and other american settlers overthrew mexican government in the mexican american war |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | ended the mexican american war in 1848, 1- mexico recognized rio grande as texas border, 2- US got mexican cession land |
| Mexican Cession | land gained from mexico after the mexican american war, caused a lot of conflict over whether these states would be slave or free |
| Walker Expedition | example of failed manifest destiny to the south, William Walker took a hold of Nicaragua for a pro slavery regime but Honduran authorities kicked him out and executed him |
| Gadsden Purchase | a lil extra bought from Mexico not included in the mexican cession, bought by President Pierce for a railroad, forms south of NM and AZ |
| Matthew C Perry | forced japan to open trade with the US, took a fleet of ships and threatened them until they agreed basically |
| Free Soil Party | wanted the new land from the mexican cession to mean more opportunity for whites, didnt like the expansion of slavery, "free soil, free labor and free men", advocated homesteads and internal improvements |
| Bleeding Kansas | antislavery farmers in Kansas were supposed to choose free state but a lot of slavers moved in hoping to tip the vote and they fought and it was nasty, the factions attacked each other and stuff, government ignored it (president pierce) |
| Henry Clay | developed the American System in the early 1800s for economic improvement, also proposed the Missouri Compromise, the compromise of 1850, overall important compromise dude for tense slavery politics |
| Compromise of 1850 | california gold rush meant lots of people meant need for a california state, 1)cali is free state, 2)popular sovereignty, 3) ban slave trade in DC, 4)vigorous Fugitive Slave Law, SO MANY PROBLEMS AND PEOPLE MAD but bought time for Union |
| Stephen A Douglas | engineered different coalitions to pass the compromise of 1850, also engineered the Kansas Nebraska Act, also debated with Abe Lincoln about issues but he alienated his own party and didnt make it any farther |
| Millard Fillmore | vice president to Zachary Taylor but taylor died and he became president, signed in the Compromise of 1850 against what taylor would have wanted |
| Kansas Nebraska Act | bill to split nebraska territory into Kansas and Nebraska and allow popular sovereignty, overthrew Missouri Compromise and led to explosive slavery conflict (bleeding Kansas) |
| Republican Party (early form, civil war era) | direct reaction to Kansas Nebraska Act, dominated through the civil war and reconstruction, opposed slavery (primarily its spread), north and sectional |
| James Buchanan | democratic candidate to replace Presidance Pierce and Stephan Douglas (too closely associated w/ bleeding kansas), didnt do anything about civil war tensions really |
| Fugitive Slave law | one of the things that made people most mad about the Compromise of 1850, resisted by antislavery northerners, drove bigger wedge between north and south, free africans could basically be captured at any moment, no trial by jury |
| Underground Railroad | network of people and houses that help escaped slaves reach freedom in the north or canada, harriet tubman was the most famous conductor |
| Harriet Tubman | most prominent conductor of the underground railroad, escaped slave who risked her life multiple times to bring other slaves to freedom, huge bounty on her head |
| Dred Scott v Sandford | Dred Scott sued to his freedom, he'd been moved into free states so should be free, supreme court ruled against him 1)blacks arent citizens 2)congress cant take property or exclude property federally 3) missouri compromise is unconstitutional, north v MAD |
| Roger Taney | cheif justice of the supreme court during the dred scott decision, southern democrat |
| Abraham Lincoln | 16th president of the US, expanded executive power through the civil war and helped significantly in leading the nation to abolish slavery |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates | lincoln challenged douglas for senate seat, moderate against slavery expansion, house divided speech, lincoln attacked douglas indifference, Freeport Doctrine douglas says that local citizens pass the law (too passive and south mad), alienated democrats |
| Sumner-Brooks incident | Representative Preston Brooks, a pro-slavery Democrat from South Carolina, used a walking cane to attack Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist Republican from Massachusetts |
| John Brown | radical abolitionist in VA, started Harpers ferry raid with his sons, died a martyr for talking about abolotion as a humanitarian effort |
| Harpers Ferry Raid | John brown confirmed south fears of abolitionist conspiracy by raiding harpers ferry, tried to use guns from the arsenal to arm slave rebellion but slaves didnt rebel and he was captured by Robert E Lee and executed, battle hymn of the republic |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | book by Harriet Beecher Stowe that portrayed the conditions of slavery, helped humanize the slaves and open the North's eyes a little bit, brought slavery up as a moral issue and very cruel, the south condemned it as false and thought north conspiracy |
| Confederate States of America (11) | TX, AK, LA, TN, MS, AL, GA, FL, SC, NC and VA, seceded from the Union to "defend their lifestyle" in the Civil War, no money, strong generals, less infrastructure, similar constitution except more checks on central power and slavery protections |
| Jefferson Davis | president of the Confederacy, he didnt have enough central of executive power to really lead the confederacy, unlike Lincoln in the Union |
| Morrill Tariff Act | one of the things passed by the all Republican congress during the civil war with no opposition, raised tariff rates to increase revenue to protext manufactorers, republican program to help industrialists |
| Moral Land Grant Act | one of the things passed by the all Republican congress during the civil war with no opposition, encouraged states to use sale of federal land grants to maintain technical colleges |
| Pacific Railway Act | one of the things passed by the all Republican congress during the civil war with no opposition, authorized northern transcontinental railroad route, connected western and eastern economies |
| Fort Sumter | opening conflict of the Civil War, federal Fort Sumter in South Carolina was cut off from control and Lincoln said he was sending provisions and SC attacked the provisions, starting the war |
| First Battle of Bull Run | first major battle of the civil war, july 1861, Union marches on VA and Stonewall jackson scares them off, ended illusion of short war and promoted idea of rebel invincibility |
| Thomas "Stonewall "Jackson | one of the Confederate army generals, won the first battle of bull run |
| Anaconda Plan | Union's plan to block essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy by using the navy to block southern ports and capture the mississippi, cutting off LA and TX |
| George McClellan | first general of the Union army in the east, didnt commit to battles, insisted on more training and waiting, Lincoln kept firing then rehiring him bc he was slow |
| Robert E Lee | leader of the Confederate armies, genius tactics won a lot of confederate battles |
| Battle of Antietum | confederate lee troops marched into maryland and mcclellan knew battle plan in advance so the union stopped them, marked confederacy failure to get foreign aid, and union victory bolstered confidence |
| Monitor vs Merrimac | confederate ship the Merrimac attacked several union ships, the monitor finally defeated the merrimac and marked a turning point in naval warfare, ironclad ships favored and confederacy losing naval power |
| Ulysses S Grant | effective union general, total war brutal tactics, labeled as brutal but later became president, there was a lot of corruption in the republican congress of his presidency |
| Battle of Gettysbug | confederacy marches into MA and PN again hoping to make the Union sue for peace, key parts of confederate army were destroyed, Union morale saved for Lincoln's reelection and confederate offensive never regained |
| Battle of Vicksburg | Union armies finally take control of the mississippi river at the fort city of Vicksburg MO, anaconda plan is complete |
| Sherman's march to the sea | ulysses s grant's aggressive total war tactics, general Sherman spread his army out and marched from TN to GA and destroyed everything in their past, sucking southern moral and resources, the north pounds their industrial might down on the south |
| Appomattox Courthouse | Robert E Lee officially surrenders to Ulysses S Grant and surrenders, the Union wins the Civil War |
| Emancipation Proclamation | proclamation freed all the slaves in the rebelling states, helped make the war a moral issue so foreign countries didnt support the south, helped the north get more men (freed slaves), changed the purpose of the war |
| 13th amendment | officially ended slavery everywhere, Lincoln had been hesitant to do this at first bc he didnt want to lose the border states in the civil war |
| Ex Parte Milligan | supreme court case ruled that the gov had acted improperly in IN where during the civil war, civilians had been subject to military trials, kind of a slap on the wrist for executive power lincoln had been using |
| copperheads | peace democrats and others that opposed the civil war and wanted a negotiated peace, leader was sent to exile in the confederacy bc of pro confederacy speeches and ended up in canada |
| John Wilkes Booth | the man who shot Abraham Lincoln, embittered confederate, aroused fury in northerners when lincoln had been trying to encourage respect for the south, loss of lincolns leadership damaged reconstruction a lot |
| Massachusetts 54th Regimen | Union regiment of freed african americans that fought for the union after the emancipation proclamation |
| 14th Amendment | one of the reconstruction amendments following the civil war before democrats re established themselves, declared all people born in the US citizens and that states couldnt restrict citizen rights, undid dred scott case and established federal gov on top |
| 15th Amendment | one of the reconstruction amendments following the civil war before the democrats reestablished themselves, guaranteed male suffrage, made it so the electoral college wouldnt be skewed w/ the 3/5ths rule ending bc blacks could vote |
| Credit Mobilier | scandal during Ulysses S Grant's presidency, stock was given to congress members to avoid investigation about profits they were making form government subsidies |
| William "boss" Tweed | the boss of the local democratic party in NY, stole 200 million from NY taxpayers, example of one of the scandals in Grant's presidency |
| Horace Greeley | nominated to run against Ulysses S Grant by both the republicans and the democrats in an effort to get away from all the scandals of grant's presidency, but grant won by the bloody shirt campaign tactics |
| Redeemers | southern conservatives coming back into their positions post civil war reconstruction, for states rights, reduced taxes, reduced social program spending and white supremacy |
| Rutherford B Hayes | president following Ulysses S Grant, was president as a result of the compromise of 1877 and a special electoral commission |
| Compromise of 1877 | federal troops withdrew from the South in exchange for Hayes as president, hayes promised to support southern transcontinental railroad as well |
| Presidential Reconstruction | Andrew Johnson's idea of reconstruction once lincoln was dead, called for disenfranchisement of confederate leaders and wealthy confederates but johnson was dumb and pardoned all of those people so they came back anyway |
| Wade-Davis Bill | congress didnt like lincoln's reconstruction plan so they made a harsher one, lincoln ignored it, pocket vetoing it, example of congress trying to reassert powers after war |
| Andrew Johnson | Abe Lincoln's vice president, took over reconstruction once lincoln was dead and didnt do a good job, he was pro union, white supremacist minded and democratic, got impeached bc republicans didnt like him |
| Freeman's Bureau | agency that helped blacks and other people affected by the war and slavery get back on track, tried to resettle but wanst really good at anything except getting education, federal funding eventually stopped but it was an early welfare agency |
| Black Codes | laws designed to stop blacks from receiving their full civil rights, 1) no borrowing or renting to get land, 2)forced work contracts, 3) blacks cant testify in court against whites |
| Radical Republicans | championed black civil rights, were rushed to pass laws before democrats reasserted themselves after the civil war, endorsed lots of other radical causes like womens rights and labor unions and stuff |
| Charles Sumner | leader of the radical republicans post civil war |
| Thaddeus Stevens | radical republican post civil war, hoped to revolutionize southern society by extended military presence in the south, black education and civil rights and confiscated lands from whites |
| Impeachment of Andrew Johnson | congress wanted to protect radical republicans in johnson's cabinet and so said he couldnt fire them without congress consent, johnson said it was unconstitutional and ignored them so they impeached him but it failed bc they didnt want to set a precedent |
| Scalawags | the nickname the democrats gave southern republicans who were interested in economic development for their state and peace between sections, interested in setting up buisinesses |
| carpetbaggers | democrats nickname for northerners moving into the south looking for opportunities |
| sharecropping | racism feudalism that essentially replaced in the south, land owner would give seed to the black family in exchange for half the harvest, blacks often didnt have any other option |
| Ku Klux Klan | white supremacist terrorist group post civil war that threatened and terrorized blacks and minorities |
| Force Acts | congress passed these acts to give federal authorities to stop Ku Klux Klan violence in the south |
| Clayton -Bulwer Treaty | 1850, both US and Britain wanted to make a canal through central america, treaty said neither of them would try to take exclusive control of canals in central america, continued until 1901 |
| popular sovereignty | the idea suggested by Lewis Cass and adopted in the Compromise of 1850 that said new territories could choose whether they wanted to be slave or free, meant a lot of violence in those new territories and tension (bleeding kansas) |
| Know Nothing Party | party in the mid 1800s about growing ethnic tensionsd between protestant americans and catholic germans and irish, against immigration, didnt make any progress with their own party (overshadowed by slavery) but took support and weakened the whigs |
| Lecompton Constitution | proslavery constitution for Kansas Territory, not supported by majority of people living there but President Buchanan tried to pass it anyway, congress didnt let it pass |
| Free port Doctrine | Stephen Douglas responded to Lincolns argument that he was indifferent to slavery by saying that the local people weere the ones who made the laws, alienated his own party bc he didnt defend enough |
| Know Nothing Party | party in the mid 1800s about growing ethnic tensionsd between protestant americans and catholic germans and irish, against immigration, didnt make any progress with their own party (overshadowed by slavery) but took support and weakened the whigs |
| Lecompton Constitution | proslavery constitution for Kansas Territory, not supported by majority of people living there but President Buchanan tried to pass it anyway, congress didnt let it pass |
| Free port Doctrine | Stephen Douglas responded to Lincolns argument that he was indifferent to slavery by saying that the local people weere the ones who made the laws, alienated his own party bc he didnt defend enough |
| Election of Abraham Lincoln | proved to the South that they couldnt do anything with electoral college votes and made them fear their lifestyle would be taken away, prompted the secession of the deep south |
| Civil War Border states | Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, Lincoln didnt want to do outright abolitionist things at first to keep these states on his side, they stayed partly bc of Union sentiment partly bc of federal politics and military presence, West Virginia also split |
| Confiscation Acts | congress passed two acts during the civil war that gave the government power to seize enemy property used to wage war against the US, slaves became contraband, the Union was able to use these escaped slaves as troops |
| Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction | Lincoln's plan for reconstruction post civil war, states could rejoin the union once they accepted slave emancipation and took oath of allegiance, when he died congress and other people took harsher routes, only 10% of voters had to take the loyalty vote |
| Reconstruction Acts of 1867 | congress fully takes over reconstruction and put a lot of harsh requirements on the former confederate states as well as made a lot of reform movements and kept military presence in the south |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | guaranteed equal accommodations in public places for blacks and stopped courts from prohibiting blacks from juries, poorly enforced bc the north and republicans were tired of babysitting the south |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | created consolidated trunk lines of rail roads such as Union Pacific and Central Pacific |
| Transcontinental railroad | constructed during the civil war, tied CA to the rest of the union and allowed more westward expansion and trade |
| Union Pacific and Central Pacific | 2 first transcontinental railroads |
| time zones | came because of railroads and faster transportation, shows the interconnectedness of america |
| vertical integration | when a company controls every stage of manufacturing |
| Andrew Carnegie | started the monopoly on steel, really big for building upward and new structures and engineering, vertical integration, late 1800s |
| US steel | Andrew Carnegie, really big for building upward and new structures and engineering, could do it based off of new Bessemer Process for making steel |
| John D Rockefeller | founded oil company monopoly, horizontal integration, 1860-1880s, Standard Oil Trust |
| horizontal integration | former competitors in business brought under a single corporate umbrella |
| Standard Oil Trust | controlled 90% of oil business in the 1880s, developed by John D Rockefeller, horizontal integration, eliminated competition, one of the first trusts and monopolies that others imitated |
| JP Morgan | the banker who took over the railroads when they were going bankrupt, RR monopoly, interlocking directories |
| Second Industrial Revolution | huge growth in industries that came with railroads and monopolies, lots of steel, gas, electricity and more machinery |
| interlocking directories | form of monopoly where competing industries are run by the same people, ex: JP Morgan |
| federal land grants (RR) | government gave land to railroads so they would sell the land to settlers to pay for construction, but led to hasty poor construction, mismanagement and fraud would eventually lead to bankruptcy--> JP Morgan |
| Bessemer Process | developed by Henry Bessemer in England, new technique to make high quality steel, allowed use of steel to grow a lot on the US |
| transatlantic cable | made it possible to send messages across the sea very fast, allowed for international markets, 1866 |
| Alexander Graham Bell | invented the telephone, even faster messages across the world, globalization and US interconnectedness |
| Thomas Edison/Menlo Park | late 1800s, created the first modern research laboratory, led to lots and lots of patents and inventions, symbol of 2nd industrial revolution |
| George Westinghouse | inventor in late 1800s, air brake for RR, high voltage current to help light cities |
| George Eastman/Kodak | invented a better camera in the late 1800s |
| Sears & Roebuck | first large mail order companies, made possible by RR, catalogs |
| Interstate Commerce Act of 1866 | early attempt of government to regulate RR monopolies, didn't really work until later in the Progressive Era |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 | federal law against monopolies, too vague to be effective |
| "iron law of wages" | argued that raising wages=more workers=falling wages=cycle of money, justification for low wages, David Ricardo, 1800s |
| Knights of Labor | secret Labor union for 20 years in the 1800s, forced arbitration but too loosely organized and fell apart |
| Haymarket Bombing | anarchists blew up police, made america convinced labor unions were too radical |
| American Federation of Labor | labor union with narrower economic goals, Samuel Gompers, wanted wages and conditions improved |
| Samuel Gompers | leader of the American Federation of Labor |
| Pullman Strike | railroad strike, tied up transportation along the country, RR people got around it by linking Pullman cars too mail chains and calling on federal gov to keep mail going and gov said In re Debs case, strike led by Eugene V. Debs |
| In re Debs | case in late 1895 about Pullman Strike, government said you cant interfere with mail, basically gave the courts power to stop strikes, labor unions believe more radical solutions are needed |
| Eugene V Debs | led the Pullman Strike, when it failed he turned to socialism in the Progressive era, ran for socialist party president, under WWI sedition act he was imprisoned for speaking against the war (ran for president while in prison!) |
| Old rich vs new rich | new class of millionaires, late 1800s, monopolies and businesses, ex: , Morgan and Rockefeller, and Carnegie, old rich was government |
| white collar workers | new in the late 1800s, jobs not requiring manual labor, rise of the middle class |
| protestant work ethic | contributed to gospel of wealth, late 1800s philosophy, material success/hard work is signs of gods favor |
| Adam Smith | economist argued for laissez faire economics in the 1800s |
| laissez-faire capitalism | hands off economy, government doesn't interfere and economy self regulates, extreme of this meant the great depression and monopolies |
| Social Darwinism | Darwin's ideas about natural selection apply to society, justification for racism and also monopolies in business |
| survival of the fittest (economics) | the idea that the good businesses survived because of evolution, helping the poor interfered with the laws of nature |
| Gospel of Wealth | promoted the protestant work ethic, "god gave me riches", also rich people should give to the poor |
| Horatio Alger stories | stories told in the late 1800s about a self made man, made people believe they could be independent and become rich but in reality those people were rare, most of the time it was inheritance |
| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | americans didn't like mining competition from immigrants, first major act of congress to restrict immigration |
| Joseph Glidden/barbed wire | ended conflict between cowboys and the farmers, no more open range, ended the wild wild west (before lumber was $$$) |
| cowboys/vaqueros/open range | railroads in kansas meant cowboys drove the cows from texas to RR stations, many minority workers, ended with barbed wire and competition for space from farmers |
| Homestead Act | encouraged settlement of Great Plains, offered 160 acres of land for any family that settled for 5 years, inspired lots of westward migration |
| Wounded Knee | massacre that ended the Indian Wars, US was afraid of Ghost dance, gunned down hundreds of Indians in the Dakotas |
| Ocala Platform | national alliance of farmers met and supported 1) direct election of senators, 2)low tariffs, 3) graduated income tax, overall populist party ideals |
| Indian Wars | settlers encroached on lands, Us army fought/massacred Indians, ended with Wounded Knee massacre, included last ditch depressing Ghost Dance and battle of Little Bighorn |
| Little Bighorn | notable battle in the Indian Wars, the Sioux ambushed US army in 1876 |
| Dawes Act of 1887 | designed to break up Indian tribes, gave land to those who "civilized" |
| Ghost Dance | last effort of natives to resist US gov control, religious harmless dance, believed it would restore the buffalo and prosperity, white pepole felt threatened >>wounded knee massacre |
| Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 | promoted reestablishment of tribe culture, part of Roosevelt's New Deal |
| Yellowstone and Yosemite | new nature reserves coming as part of the conservation movement of the late 1800s under Teddy Roosevelt |
| Department of the Interior | created during Teddy Roosevelt's presidency, dealt with all the land, managing the federally owned stuff |
| John Muir/Sierra Club | preservationist movement, preserving areas from human touch |
| the "new south" | efforts to industrialize the south post civil war, still largely agricultural, lots of sharecropping |
| George Washington Carver | african american scientist, diversified food in southern agriculture, (connect with Booker T. Washington) |
| Tuskegee Institute | school for blacks during reconstruction, for self help in economics and working skills (booker t washington ideas) |
| Plessy v Ferguson | supreme court upheld Louisiana's "separate but equal" segregation laws |
| Jim Crow Laws | segregation laws, upheld by Plessy v Ferguson |
| ways the south prevented blacks from voting | literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses |
| Ida B Wells | edited Memphis Free Speech black newspaper, spoke against Jim Crow laws and lynching, got death threats, advocated confrontation |
| Booker T Washington | advocated for accomodations in reconstruction oppression, established agricultural/industrial school for blacks, preached self determination and economic independence, if you cant beat em join em attitude |
| Grange movement | organized by Oliver H Kelley, social and educational thing for farmers and families defense against trusts/railroads, (RR could have monopoly being the only thing out there), would become the populist party |
| Interstate Commerce Commission | court ruled individual states cant regulate interstate commerce, farmers mad, first federal effort to regulate the RR, wasn't really effective till later at New Deal, stabilized rates and competition |
| Turner Thesis | Frederick Jackson Turner argued that frontier shaped american culture, thought it'd be disastrous with the closing of the frontier to be an outlet for pressure |
| boomtowns | towns centered around mining strikes, saloons that boomed up suddenly, became ghost towns |
| sharecropping and tenant farming | replaced slavery in the south, kind of like feudalism, you get room and board for working for me, made lots of blacks stuck in the south |
| Statue of Liberty | given to the US by the French in 1886, even though immigration restrictions were starting it was a symbol of possibility for immigrants and they kept coming |
| Immigration Act of 1882 | restriction on "undesirable" persons, criminals, mentally ill, ect |
| Ellis Island | immigration processing center in 1892, rigorous tests and literacy stuff |
| "melting pot" vs cultural diversity | melting pot= assimilation into 1 big new culture, cultural diversity is cultures coexisting but distinguished |
| streetcar cities/suburbs | wealthy people fancy stuff in the late 1800s, wanted to move from the dirty city, still wasn't available to lower or middle classes but beginning of suburbanization movement |
| tenements | lousy living places for poor and immigrants in late 1800s, overcrowded and unsanitary |
| political machines and bosses | small scale (cities/towns), someone elected to do machines bidding, corruption and organized groups of politicians but did provide some basic care to people so they had power, ex:tammany hall |
| Tammany Hall | political machine run by William "Boss" Tweed in NYC |
| Edward Bellamy | called for more government control to help with poverty and conditions in the late 1800s (tenements were bad) |
| Jane Addams | Hull House in chicago, settlement houses helped with social services in the late 1800s |
| Social Gospel | importance of applying Christian principles to social problems, protestants support social justice for the poor (late 1800s), ex Salvation Army |
| Salvation Army | provided basic necessities to poor/homeless while teaching christianity, part of Social Gospel, late 1800s |
| Susan B Anthony | leading figure in securing votes for women, NAWSA, first woman to technically vote, thrown in jail |
| Francis Willard WCTU | women's christian temperance union, advocated total abstinence from alcohol |
| Anti-Saloon League | powerful political force, persuaded 21 states to close saloons/bars, Carrie Nation raided saloons |
| Carrie Nation | part of Anti-Saloon movement, raided saloons and smashed beer barrels with a hatchet |
| kindergarten | growing interest in early childhood education, rising literacy rate, introduce in late 1800s |
| public high schools | tax supported public high schools, because of new voting rights post civil war, more comprehensive citizenship education |
| Oliver Wendall Holmes | argued that laws should change with the times, (late 1800s) |
| Clarence Darrow | argued criminal activity could be a result of circumstances (late 1800s) |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | first african american with a harvard doctorate, advocated racial equality and no segregation |
| Mark Twain | first great realist author, Huckleberry Finn revealed problems in US Society (1884) |
| Stephen Crane | naturalist author, Maggie: A Gin of the Streets, brutal urban environment, emotion/experience used to critique urban living (late 1800s) |
| Jack London | wrote Call of the Wild, discussed conflict between nature/civilization |
| Freedmen's Bureau | act passed to provide necessities for newly freed African Americans |
| Black Codes | racist codes restricting African Americans during reconstruction to not let them get power |
| Radical Republicans | post civil war, wanted equal rights in all ways for blacks |
| James Whistler/Impressionism | movement of art focused on your impression, not accuracy |
| Mary Cassatt | painted every day life with pastels, impressionism |
| Frank Lloyd Wright | organic style of architecture, late 1800s |
| John Phillip Sousa | made popular outdoor bandstand marching music late 1800s |
| music in early 1900s | jazz, blues, ragtime, more black influence, started south and moved north with black migration |
| Jelly Roll Morton | expanded audience for jazz, combined european instruments with african rhythms, late 1800s |
| The gilded age | end of the reconstruction era (1870s) to early 1900s (progressive era), characterized by a lot of seemed boom and prosperity but really only for the wealthy and was more about greed and corruption |
| Scott Joplin | black composer/performer, maple leaf rag, example of jazz in the gilded age |
| Joseph Pulitzer | sensational writer for New York World during gilded age, example of gilded age and how corruption and greed was all the rage |
| William Randolph Heast | wrote lots of scandals and sensations, example of gilded age and how corruption and greed was all the rage |
| Barnum and Baily "Greatest Show on Earth" | first traveling circus, example of increased leisure time during the gilded age being spend for entertainment, late 1800s |
| "Buffalo Bill" Wild Wild West show | west show brought to urban audiences, example of leisure time and also fascination of western frontier culture, late 1800s |
| spectator sports | new amateur sports used for entertainment in the gilded age with more leisure time, first was baseball |
| Hamiltonian Tradition | supported strong central government, prohibition, businessmen during the gilded age |
| Jeffersonian Tradition | opposite of Hamiltonian tradition, weak central government, against prohibition, supporting working class and farmers during the gilded age |
| Solid South | that states that voted solidly democratic in the late 1800s, mostly deep south |
| Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, Mugwumps | rude names for different political beliefs, stalwarts were under Roscoe Conkling (in favor of political machines and party patronage), Halfbreeds under James G Blaine (civil service/merit reform), Mugwumps were in between, (James garfield in crossfire) |
| Assassination of James Garfield | led to pendleton act, garfield was the compromise president for 1880, shot over party patronage conflict between Stalwarts and Halfbreeds (garfield refused to promote someone w party patronage) |
| Pendleton Act of 1881 | made it so gov jobs were awarded based on merit and competitive exam (not money or party patronage), happened because of assassination of pres james garfield |
| hard money vs soft money | soft money wasnt backed by gold and allowed lower interest rates and easier loans, favored by farmers but rich people didnt like it, when everyone else dropped gold after WWI, it made great depression worse, conflict especially seen in panic of 1873 |
| Panic of 1873 | americans blamed the gold standard for restricting the money supply, more support for soft money |
| Farmer's Alliances | discontented farmers coming together about grievances, base for populist party, created omaha platform (late 1800s) |
| Omaha Platform | founding of the populist party, met in Omaha Nebraska, used ideas from Ocala Platform also 1)direct elected senators, 2)graduated income tax, 3)public ownership of RR, 4) communication systems public, 5)loans for farmers, 6) eight hour work day |
| Panic of 1893 | stock market crashed because of speculation and overbuilding, lots of RR went bankrupt, president cleveland just hands off (precedent for great depression), sparked Coxey's Army |
| Coxey's Army | protest because of Panic of 1893, demanded government make jobs, failed |
| William Jennings Bryan "Cross of Gold" | won automatic democratic nomination, favored silver over gold, free silver, issue with money late 1800s unstable gold standard lots of people mad, led Anti- Imperialist League, worked w/ Woodrow Wilson for dollar diplomacy |
| Populist Party | the peoples party, progressive for poor/farmers, a lot of their stuff wouldnt really get around until later in progressive era, based off of Ocala and Omaha Platforms |
| William McKinley | new US player in international affairs, example of first modern presidency, focused on publicity in campaigns, pres during Spanish American war and American imperialism, assassinated and teddy Roosevelt took over |
| - | |
| American Exceptionalism | the idea that the US is a idealistic or morally superior country, led into New Imperialism and even containment of communism but mostly the imperialism thing |
| Theodore Roosevelt | president 1901-1909, took over after Mckinley was assassinated, environmental younger tough guy, Progressive reforms |
| Alfred Mahan | US Navy Captain that wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, argued that strong navy was essential for becoming a world power, led to US strengthening navy and justification for imperialism |
| "remember the maine" | phrase that got everyone riled up and in favor of the spanish american war, the ship Maine exploded off coast of Cuba and spanish was blamed |
| Teller Amendment | congress authorized the spanish american war, part of it said that US had no intention of controlling Cuba entirely and would leave once peace was restored |
| Insular cases | questions concerning the constructional rights of the Philippines after annexation with the Spanish American war, did rights follow the territories?, resolved with supreme court cases ruling rights didnt extend automatically and congress can decide |
| Platt Amendment | continued teller amendment but this time officially removed US troops from Cuba on conditions of 1) never signing treaty with foreign power compromising independence, 2)permitting US to intervene in its affairs to protect it 3) allow US naval bases |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | nationalist leader in the Philippines, fought alongside US during the Spanish American war but then led revolt against US control until he lost and Philippines was annexed |
| Open Door Policy | a policy introduced by John Hay, Mckinley's secretary of state, noted many countries' spheres of influence in China and to make sure US didn't lose influence declared all nations had agreed to have equal trading privileges in China (rly most no reply) |
| Root-Takahira Agreement | important executive agreement between US and Japan in 1908, mutual respect for each nation's Pacific possessions and open door policy in china, helped stabilize a status quo in imperialism and ease tensions w/ japan |
| Panama Canal | US intervened in panama revolution from columbia because they wanted to build a canal for new pacific territories, bc they helped the revolution they got influence in panama with Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, example of US imperialism, later ended in 1999 |
| Roosevelt Corollary | worked with Monroe doctrine, Europe was sending ships into DR to collect debts but US declared they would be intermediaries instead, led to justification of US forces in lots of Latin American countries and poor US relations with them |
| Woodrow Wilson | president after Taft, popular in wake of anti imperialism, promised more moral approach to foreign affairs |
| Zimmermann Telegram | telegram leaked between Germany and Mexico, German foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman tried to get Mexico to attack USA to keep them out of WWI, aroused nationalist anger against germany |
| War Industries Board | set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices in WWI |
| National War Labor Board | former president william Howard Taft helped arbitrate disputes between workers and employers, wages rose, eight hour work day more common and more union membership during WWI |
| Herbert Hoover | served several presidents from WWI onward until he became president, promised prosperity and stuff but president in beginning of great depression oopsie, only knew hands off stuff for economics so it didn't go well |
| Committee on Public Information | led by journalist George Creel, propaganda agency during WWI, depicted heroism and anti German/Kaiser hysteria |
| Four Minute Men | group of volunteers authorized by United States President Woodrow Wilson to give four-minute speeches on topics given to them by the Committee on Public Information during WWI |
| Sedition Act of 1918 | prohibited anyone from making "disloyal" or "abusive" comments about the US government during WWI, Eugene V Debs jailed for speaking out |
| Great Migration | movement of African Americans from the segregated South into the north, happened throughout mid 1900s |
| Fourteen Points | Woodrow Wilson's points for the treaty of Versailles, territory points, freedom of the seas, no secret Treaties, arms reductions, impartial colony adjustment, self determination, removal of trade barriers, League of Nations |
| League of Nations | international peace organization proposed by Woodrow Wilson post WWI, really ineffective as US didn't end up joining and it couldn't really do anything and was too scared to take action |
| Treaty of Versailles | treaty to end WWI, agree on by GB, US, France and Italy, germany no colonies, france in Rhineland, new self determined nations, League of Nations protect independence of nations |
| Adkins v Children's Hospital | the Supreme Court ruled that a minimum wage law for women violated the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment because it abridged a citizen's right to freely contract labor in 1923 |
| welfare capitalism | voluntarily offering employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce interest in unions, post WWI, contrast with previous violent and legal actions against unions |
| Red Scare | post WWI and Russian revolution people hysterical about communism, fueled xenophobia, people arrested suspected of spying and stuff, happened again later during the cold war, stoked by Mitchell Palmer attorney general |
| Palmer Raids | a series of unexplained bombings during Red Scare immediately after WWI, over 6000 people suspected of spying type stuff, stoked by palmer attorney general (like McCarthy of second red scare) |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | two Italian immigrant brothers convicted of robbery and murder, liberals said they were falsely accused because they were poor Italians and anarchists, they were executed but a very public debate, shows conflict between nativism and others |
| Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act | distributing federal funds to states to establish educational programs and health care for mothers and infants. The bill was passed by Congress in 1921 |
| Women's International League for Peace and Freedom | to end and prevent war, ensure that women are represented at all levels in the peace-building process, defend the human rights of women, and promote social, economic and political justice., led to Kellogg Briand act |
| Teapot Dome | discovery of scandal under Warren G Harding's presidency, one of his cabinet Albert B Fall was accepting bribes for oil leases in Wyoming |
| Dollar diplomacy | implemented by William howard Taft after TR's big stick policy, about private American financial investment would lead to greater stability and $$ (RR in china) |
| Prohibition | took place in the 1920s, alcohol was made illegal (war conserving, feminism and progressives brought it up), increase in crime rates for smuggled liquor, 18th amendment later overturned by 21st amendment, very unpopular |
| American Civil Liberties Union | American nonprofit human rights organization founded in 1920. The organization strives "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States. |
| Scopes Trial 1920s | John Scopes was put on trial for teaching theory of evolution in high school, against fundamentalist religious stuff, modern questions on relationship between religion and public schools |
| National Origins Act | number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota in the 1920s, example of nativism in the 1900s |
| Henry Ford | perfected system for manufacturing automobiles, assembly line inventor, gains in industry efficiency |
| Ku Klux Klan | extreme expression of racism and nativism, racist cult against blacks, Catholics, Jews, foreigners and communists, terrorized with violence in favor of white supremacy, peaked during the 1920s |
| Harlem Renaissance | new African American population in north became famous for artistic achievements concentrated in Harlem section of NYC |
| Zora Neale Hurston | wrote about African American struggles in the south in the early 1900s |
| jazz | expression of rebellion against older culture in the 1920s, brought by north by African Americans in great migration, popularized by radios with the youth |
| Louis Armstrong | big jazz player post WWI, interracially popular, integrated and segregated audiences, came out of Harlem Renaissance |
| Universal Negro Improvement Association | established by Marcus Garvey, advocated individual and racial pride for African Americans, black nationalism, back to Africa movement, black separatism, movement collapsed when he was arrested and deported |
| Pan-Africanism | the idea that peoples of African descent have common interests and should be unified |
| Lost Generation | disillusioned writers in the 1920s post WWI, scorned religion and sacrifices of wartime, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot, not impressed with material culture, depressed writers lol |
| Hollywood | came about in 1920s with mass entertainment and media, parties and glamour all the rage example |
| flappers | rebellion of women against gender and social norms in the 1920s, short dresses, bob haircuts, smoking, driving cars and parties |
| Smoot-Hawley Tariff | Herbert Hoover approved highest tariff rate in history on foreign imports trying to protect industry in the great depression, backfired and reduced trade everywhere when other countries made their own tariffs and Great Depression got worse |
| Bonus Army | they were seeking early payment of the bonus certificates they had received after the war as extra compensation for their military service during the great depression |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) | president after Herbert Hoover in the tail end of great depression, New Deal stuff, only president to serve 4 terms, assassinated barely into his 4th term |
| fireside chats (FDR) | Franklin Roosevelt used the radio to gain popularity and restore hope to America during the great depression, started with reassurance at bank holiday |
| First Hundred Days | the first part of FDR's New Deal, congress special 100 day session enacting every New Deal law requested by FDR and LOTS of new programs came into pass |
| Glass-Steagall Act | increased regulation of banks and started the FDIC and insured individuals bank deposits, reduced gold standard as part of FDR's New Deal in the Great Depression |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act | encouraged farmers to reduce production to boost prices and pay government subsidies they plowed under, as part of FDR's New Deal in the great depression, later declared unconstitutional |
| National Recovery Administration NRA | attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor, helped industries set codes and gave workers rights as part of FDR's New Deal in the great depression, had limited success before declared unconstutional |
| Public Works Administration PWA | led by Harold Ickes, allotted money to state and local governments for building roads/bridges/dams and other public works for thousands of jobs as part of FDR's New Deal in the great depression |
| Civilian Conservation Corps CCC | employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families as part of FDR's New Deal in the great depression |
| Federal Housing Administration FHA | gave construction industry and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building/repairing houses as part of FDR's New Deal in the great depression |
| Securities and Exchange Commission SEC | created to regulate the stock market and place strict limits on speculative practices, required audits and stuff, part of FDR's New Deal in the great depression |
| Liberty League | American political organization formed in 1934. Its membership consisted primarily of wealthy business elites and prominent political figures, who were for the most part conservatives opposed to the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Father Charles Coughlin | founded National Union for Social Justice, called for issuing inflated currency and nationalizing all banks, attacks on New Deal got more and more anti semitic and fascist until Catholic leaders told him to stop |
| Huey Long | "Kingfish" from Louisiana, super popular in Louisiana, proposed "share our wealth" program, populist appeal, killed by an assassin, during the great depression |
| Townsend Plan | Dr Francis E Townsend proposed that 2 percent federal sales tax be used to make a special fund for retired people, very popular and Roosevelt adopted modified version as Social Security Act |
| Wagner Act | replaced labor provision of National Industrial Recovery Act after that was unconstitutional, guaranteed right to join union and for the union to bargain, outlawed unfair business practices and enforced as part of FDR's New Deal in Great Depression |
| Social Security Act | created federal insurance program based on automatic collection of payments throughout careers, fund used to make monthly payments to retired people over age 65 and certain other compensated groups |
| classical liberalism | political tradition and a branch of liberalism that advocates free market and laissez-faire economics and civil liberties under the rule of law |
| Works Progress Administration WPA | part of 2nd half of New Deal in the great depression, spent billions to provide jobs, paid to do public works and gave part time jobs at better rate than relief rates but lower than standard wages |
| Frances Perkins | secretary of labor in FDR's cabinet, first women to ever service in a presidents cabinet, example of FDR's diverse administrative positions |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | wife of Franklin D Roosevelt, most active first lady in history, wrote a lot, traveled and gave speeches, influenced FDR to support minorities and less fortunate |
| Roosevelt Recession | after success in the first term of his presidency in the great depression, there was a recession in the progress because of government policy Roosevelt trying to balance the budget, this is where they started using Keynesian Economics to get out |
| Keynesian Economics | ideas by John Maynard Keynes, deficit spending is helpful in difficult times bc gov needs to spend above tax revenues to initiate economic growth, theory was adopted in 1938 to help with great depresssion |
| Indian Reorganization Act | repealed Dawes act, returned lands to control of tribes and supported preservation of Indian cultures |
| Dust Bowl | severe drought in the 1930s ruined crops in the great plains, high winds and health seriously compromised, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck describes hardship of moving from drought to depression in the city |
| Tennessee Valley Authority TVA | huge experiment in regional development and planning, hired thousands of people in poorest regions to build dams and power, sold electricity at really low rates as part of FDR's New Deal in the great depression |
| fascism | the idea that people should glorify their nation and their race through aggressive show of force, dominant ideology of military dictatorships in the 1930s in Germany and Italy, attracted unsatisfied war vets, nationalists and people afraid of communism |
| Benito Mussolini | fascist dictator of Italy in the 1930, led the Italian Fascist Party, army of "black shirts" |
| Rome-Berlin Axis | alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan in WWII, kinda started the whole thing bc alliances dragged everyone around everywhere |
| Neutrality Act of 1935 | authorized president to prohibit all arms shipments and forbid US citizens to travel on ships of warring nations (prelude to WWII), reflected how citizens felt that entering into WWI had been a mistake |
| Munich Conference | example of appeasement before WWII, British and French leaders agreed to let Hitler take Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia unopposed |
| Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies | advocacy organization formed in May 1940 to persuade the American public that the United States should supply the Allies with as much material and financial aid as possible in order to keep the U.S. out of the war |
| America First Committee | created to mobilize American public opinion against WWII, Charles Lindbergh traveled warning against it, as roosevelt's policies grew more and more pro british |
| "Four Freedoms" Speech | FDR proposed lending money to Britain for purchase of US war materials, justified in fireside chat about being a "arsenal of democracy", public opinion about WWII had shifted enough for him to break neutrality some more |
| Lend-Lease Act | ended cash and carry requirements and said that britain can get all the US arms they need on credit, isolationists opinions had faded before WWII and support of Britain was now a majority |
| Atlantic Charter | US now actively aiding Britain in WWII but not officially in the war yet, Roosevelt and Churchill drew up a draft for what after the war would look like, with self determination and free trade and no territorial expansion |
| Winston Churchill | leader of the British during WWII, did a lot of trading with Roosevelt in a gradual build up to US favoring british |
| Hideki Tojo | leader of Japanese government during WWII, tried to negotiate end to US steel and oil embargoes but refused to pull out of China |
| Pearl Harbor | Japanese bombed pearl harbor naval base in Hawaii and the US officially entered WWII |
| War Powers Act 1941 | granted President FDR powers to support the war (wwii) effort and provide for the nation's defense. This bill merely gives the President . . . powers that are necessary to win the war |
| Revenue Act | introduced the broadest and most progressive tax in American history, the Victory Tax. Now, about 75 percent of American workers would pay income taxes to help pay for wwii |
| "Code Talkers" | the name given to American Indians who used their tribal language to send secret communications on the battlefield in WWII |
| Executive Order 8802 | June of 1941, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, banning discriminatory employment practices by federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war-related work, Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy |
| Servicemen's Readjustment Act "GI Bill of Rights" | provided support for veterans post WWII, helped make the baby boom possible by having education paid for, helped stimulate post war economy |
| Harry S Truman | became president with FDR died just after Yalta Conference, finished up WWII |
| "zoot suits" | riots protesting Mexican immigrant workers let back without formal immigrant procedures in during wwii (braceros), white Americans battle Mexican Americans in the street, not liking the job competition |
| Executive Order 9066 | authorized the military to exclude people from military areas.” Although the order didnt say specific group, it was designed to remove—and eventually used to incarcerate—Japanese aliens and American citizens of Japanese descent during WWII |
| D-Day | largest invasion by sea in history, allied forces under command of Eisenhower secured French beaches, turning point towards allied victory in WWII |
| Manhattan Project | top secret project to build the atomic bomb in WWII, directed by J Robert Oppenheimer, used to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki and very decisive in ending WWII, began nuclear cold war age |
| William H Seward | influential secretary of state under lincoln and andrew johnson, helped prevent GB and france from joining confederacy, purchased alaska and other new imperialism stuff |
| Spanish American War | 1898, US wanted influence in Cuba so got in Cuban Revolution and philippines bc of imperialism ideals and boom of USS Maine, teddy veteran, very short war, spanish surrendered, platt amendment (cuba no like), philippines annex, lots of US mad nationalism |
| Treaty of peace for Spanish American war | 1) recognition of cuban independence, 2) US acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam, 3) US bought philippines for 20 million |
| Anti-Imperialist League | led by William Jennings Bryan to protest further acts of expansion in the Pacific after the Spanish American war |
| jingoism | form of nationalism calling for aggressive foreign policy, demanded US take its place in imperialism with other European powers, led to Spanish American war and many annexations |
| De Dome Letter | one of the things that made everyone mad before the spanish American war, letter critical of pres McKinley from the Spanish minister, US saw it as a insult to honor |
| McKinley's war message | sinking Maine ->pres McKinley made Spain ceasefire-> they agreed but US already too riled up so he proposed war 1) end "atrocities" in Cuba (yellow journalism), 2) protect US ppl in Cuba, 3) end injury to trade, 4) end peace "menace", -> teller amendment |
| Boxer Rebellion | happened as a result of the Open Door Policy in the late 1890s, Chinese nationalists resented foreigners and a group of them attacked foreigners, US participated in huge international force to crush the rebellion, weakened china's imperial regime |
| Hay's Second Round of Notes | after suggesting open door policy secretary of state for mckinley wrote to other imperialistic powers in China to preserve china's independence, fearing after boxer rebellion someone would take over |
| big-stick policy | teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy "speak softly and carry a big stick", bold and aggressive, reflects US imperialism era and becoming a world power |
| William Howard Taft | president after teddy Roosevelt, still expansionist but supported it with dollar diplomacy instead of navy and battle stuff |
| Lodge Corollary | went with Monroe doctrine, stated that non-european powers (Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in the western hemisphere, opposed by Pres Taft, proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge, alienated latin america and Japan further in early 1900s |
| Jones Act of 1916 | pres Woodrow Wilson tried to repair relations with philippines by 1-full territory status, 2-bill of rights and universal male suffrage, 3- independence as soon as stable gov established |
| Tampico Incident | US almost went to war with Mexico during Woodrow Wilson's presidency bc military dictator (Huerta) took over and Wilson blockaded arms from them to defend democracy, negotiated peace through joint mediation with Argentina Brazil and Chile |
| Pancho Villa | military dictator Huerta in Tampico Incident fell from power, democratic regime Carranza but challenged by Pancho Villa rebels and rebels murdered in US border, US troops in Mexico try to capture Villa but Carranza wants them out, wwi made them leave |
| Progressive Era | era in the early 1900s till 1920s, started with Teddy Roosevelt, limiting big business, social justice, improving democracy, more active federal government, quality of life, ect, Woodrow Wilson and William Howard Taft continue era till wwi |
| muckrakers | newspapers and and publishers feature scandals and hidden schemes in politics (real or not) because they sell really good, Theodore Roosevelt calls them muckrakers, ended after 1910 because of business competition, exposed inequities advocated change |
| Square Deal | brought by teddy Roosevelt, favored neither business nor labor, came about with strike of coal miners, gave raise and better hours for workers but didn't make owners recognize union, very popular for his presidency |
| The Jungle | muckraking book by Upton Sinclair, described horrifying meat packing conditions, body parts in the machine gross, led to Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act to protect consumers |
| Election of 1912 | Pres Taft (republican) ran against teddy Roosevelt (bull moose party) , Eugene Debs (socialist) and Woodrow Wilson (democrat), taft unpopular so it split the republican party, Progressive party didn't last |
| Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 | during Progressive era, made interstate commerce act effective in managing RR monopolies |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | fire in NYC garment factory killed 146 people, mostly women, sparked greater women's activism and passing of state laws to improve safety working conditions, side effect was legislation preventing women working physically demanding jobs (Muller v Oregon) |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, formed on Lincoln's bday in 1908 by Du Bois' Niagara Movement and white progressives, largest civil rights organization by 1920s |
| NAWSA and NWP | National American Woman Suffrage Association, National Woman's Party (Alive Paul, more militant approach looking for amendment in Congress), led to 19th amendment passed in 1920 |
| submarine warfare WWI | US tried to stay neutral in WWI but britain did blockade of supplies (freedom of the seas, made ppl mad), Germany used subs to circumvent the blockade, sinking unarmed ships, freedom of the seas issues |
| Lusitania Crisis | German torpedos trying to circumvent British blockade in the seas of WWI hit British unarmed passenger ship with American passengers on it, disrupted freedom of the seas! |
| Schenck V United States | court case that said "clear and present danger" limited freedom of speech, upheld Espionage Act of WWI that prevented riots about the draft |
| Liberty bonds | put out by US gov in WWI, example of home front propaganda and funding |
| Warren G Harding | president after Woodrow WIlson and WWI, represented "return to normalcy" and end of Progressive era, very conservative didn't get much done, died in middle of his tour and Calvin Coolidge took over |
| Calvin Coolidge | vice to Warren Harding, took over when he died, super conservative kind of made nothing get done and didn't run for a second term |
| Washington Conference | relieved tensions post WWI about arms, 1-Five Power Treaty (GB, US, Japan, France, Italy agree on naval ratios, 2-Four Power Treaty (US, GB and Japan respect pacific territories), Nine Power China Treaty (all 9 nations respect open door policy) |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | American women lead peace movements, treaty renounced aggressive use of force to achieve national ends, 1- permitted defensive wars, 2- failed to provide for taking action against violators (foreshadow WWII) |
| Dawes Plan | cycle of WWI payments from US to Germany from Germany to allies (basically US loaning money to Germany so Germany could pay allies debts to US, US pays their own debts?), collapsed with great depression |
| Great Depression | worst economic depression in history, caused by uneven income distribution, stock market speculation, government hands off policies, excessive debt, overproduction, weak farm economy, WWI global economic problems and interconnectedness |
| New Deal Three Rs | relief (for people out of work), recovery (for business and economy as a whole), reform (of American institutions, foundation for FDR's New Deal in the great depression |
| Bank Holiday | FDR declared a bank holiday in the great depression to restore confidence in banks that were still good he went on the radio personally to say that they were evaluating them while they were closed, Emergency Banking Relief Act |
| Roosevelt's New Deal | happened in the Great Depression as a cumulation of all the Progressive era, workers unions and social stuff that had been happening, passed a bunch of stuff in Congress to help the economy and the people, conservative Supreme Court was getting in the way |
| Court Reorganization Plan | FDR was bugged that conservative Supreme court was shooting down all his New Deal stuff so he tried to appoint more justices, people thought he was trying to screw with checks and balances but it eventually didn't matter cuz a couple justices retired |
| Stimson Doctrine | Japan invaded Manchuria and threatened world peace and violated a buncha treaties, US declared they would honor Nine Power Treaty and League of Nations endorsed the doctrine, but they didnt do anything it was all talk cuz they were scared |
| Appeasement | before WWII everyone was so scared of another WWI that they appeased fascist powers and gave them what they wanted (Ethiopia to Italy 1935, Rhineland to Germany 1936, China to Japan 1937, Sudetenland to Germany) |
| Selective Service Act 1940 | first peace time draft right before US broke neutrality to enter WWII, showed shift in public opinion away from isolationism |
| "Cash and Carry" | US adopted less restrictive neutrality act as they got closer to joining WWII that said nations at war could buy US arms if it used its own ships (carry) and paid in cash, technically neutral but bc britain controlled sea it really favored the british |
| paying for WWII | increased income tax and automatically deducted it from wages, sold war bonds to supplement tax increase |
| Rosie the Riveter | song sung to encourage women to take defense jobs and industrial factory positions during WWII, women still paired less than men |
| Battle of Midway | turning point in WWII against the Japanese, ended Japanese expansion by destroying many planes and carriers with intercepted message |
| Casablanca Conference | Roosevelt and Churchill met before WWII was over and agreed on overall strategy of invading Italy for unconditional surrender |
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| Yalta Conference | conference to end WWII in europe, agreed on dividing Germany into zones, free elections in eastern Europe (Soviet controlled), soviets join against Japan, soviets have stuff in Asia, United Nations established |
| Josef Stalin | leader of the Soviet Union through WWII and beginnings of the cold war |
| United Nations | worldwide peace organization formed after WWII, 5 major powers of US, Soviet union, China, GB and France, world Bank and nuremburg trials of Nazi war crimes |
| Potsdam Conference | Harry Truman, and new GB prime minister, and Stalin agreed on stuff when Germany surrendered, 1-nazi war crimes, 2-japan unconditional surrender |
| containment of communism | idea introduced by George Kennan, really influenced pretty much all of US foreign policy throughout the second half of the 1900s, vietnam and korean wars, Cuba ect ect |
| George Kennan | dude who introduced idea of containing communism would benefit world peace in the long run |
| Truman Doctrine | truman's containment for communism in greece, pres asked Congress for $$$ to give to greece and turkey, bipartisan support, precedent for giving aid in communist uprisings |
| Marshall Plan | European recovery program for after WWII, massive infusion of US dollars helped Western Europe recover, deepened rift between US and Soviets tho bc soviets refused help cuz they didn't wanna be dependent on them |
| NATO | north Atlantic treaty organization, military alliance for defending members from outside attacks, cold war thing for deterrence against soviet invasion |
| Warsaw Pact | cold war equivalent of NATO but for the communist side, military alliance of communist states of eastern europe |
| NSC-68 | secret report that the NSC recommended for fighting communism 1) quadruple defense spending, 2) form non communist alliances, 3) convince American public arms race is necessary for nations defense |
| Taft-Harley Act | probusiness act limiting bunions and boycotts, Pres Truman tried to veto as "slave labor" bill, but Congress overrode his veto, major party dividing issues and really limited unions |
| Fair Deal | proposed by Pres Truman after WWII, urged for progressive reforms but didn't get through because Truman didn't mesh with Congress and he was too busy with the cold war |
| Joseph McCarthy | big player in post WWII Red Scare, pointed a lot of fingers and ppl scared, rode communist hysteria wave to power republican senator, doomsday guy and then when it didn't come true he was discredited, witch hunt dude (like Palmer of first red scare) |
| House Un-American Activities Committee HUAC | originally established to seek out Nazis, reactivated to dig out communists and Russian spies, part of second red scare and Hollywood blacklist |
| Domino theory | theory that if Vietnam fell to communism, all the surrounding countries would as well, justification for vietnam war, didn't actually come true when vietnam did fall |
| Eisenhower Doctrine | pledge economic and military aid to any middle eastern country threatened by communism |
| John F Kennedy | president after Eisenhower, really young really popular president new frontier and possibility kind of guy, said we'd go to the moon, handled Cuban missile Crisis, got assassinated like a year into his 1st term but still remembered a lot for some reason |
| Fidel Castro | leader of communist Cuban revolution, made US nervous to have communist (possibly soviet influenced) super close and stupid stuff like the Cuban missile crisis and the bay of pigs happened |
| Bay of Pigs | kennedy's first mistake in office, kinda dum thing with Cuba and the cold war, approved CIA scheme that Eisenhower had made to invade Cuba but failed to start general uprising so he pulled them out, Kennedy learn to not depend fully on cabinet |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | closest the world ever came to nuclear war, US got mad that Russia had nukes on Cuba and US blockaded Cuba and SUPER intense but eventually nukes got taken down from Cuba and turkey as compromise |
| Peace Corps | A federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries, provides labor power to help developing countries improve their societies |
| Ho Chi Minh | nationalist and communist leader in the vietnam war, shows how the vietnam war was more a war of independence and a civil war and the US shouldn't have been involved |
| Kitchen Debate | debate between soviet leader Kruschev and Nixon before Nixon was president that took place in a kitchen model about merits of capitalism and communism, example of nixon's xp points ig |
| International Monetary Fund IMF | An international organization created for the purpose of promoting global monetary exchange stability and international trade. World Bank., UN stuff |
| Dwight D Eisenhower | general during WWII, led D Day battle and later became president after Truman, cold war president vice was Nixon, highway act and such, gave lots of military aid to vietnam |
| Military-Industrial Complex | eisenhower's farewell address warned against cold war effects on society and giving the military too much power, he cautioned on the arms race |
| Sputnik | soviets launched the first satellites, American embarrassment in the cold war space race, led to focus on STEM in education (National Defense and Education Act) and creation of NASA, also meant nukes could come from anywhere spooky |
| National Defense Education Act | created to focus education on STEM stuff because everyone was embarrassed after Sputnik and the Russians were winning, authorized $$$ for schools in STEM and foreign language |
| United Auto Workers | labor unions in the auto and car industry, did sit down strikes in the early-mid 1900s, they were decently effective |
| Veterans Administration VA | The Veterans' Administration offered insured loans until 1962, and they totaled more than $50 billion. The economic assistance provided by this bill accelerated the postwar demand for goods and services, contributed to baby boom cuz dad had money |
| Collective Bargaining | the process by which management and union representatives negotiate the employment conditions for a particular bargaining unit for a designated period of time. This was a new innovation that gave workers some say in the condition of their workplace |
| Beat/Beatniks | Allen Ginsburg, Jack Kerouac, rebellious writers in the 1950s advocating spontaneity, drugs and rebellion against society (prelude to 60s) |
| Highways Act | authorized construction if hinterstate highways to link major cities in 1956, became a model for the rest of the world, justified cost by saying it was for national defense in the cold war, contributed to more homogeneity |
| Sunbelt | significant population and economic growth in the southern and western regions of the United States from around 1970 onwards. This shift was due to factors like warmer climate, lower cost of living, and job opportunities in these areas |
| A. Philip Randolph | American labor unionist and civil rights activist. In 1925, he organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first successful African-American-led labor union |
| NAACP | national association for the advancement of colored people, fought for civil rights and against segregation throughout the mid 1900s, worked with a lot of court cases and legislation, Thurgood Marshall won a big thing with Brown v Board |
| Congress of Racial Equality CORE | Founded in 1942 by an interracial group of students in Chicago, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) pioneered the use of nonviolent direct action in America's civil rights struggle |
| Caesar Chavez | led the first successful farm workers union in American history, civil rights activist, united farm works UFW boycotts for Mexican worker rights in the late 1900s |
| Brown v Board of Education | big civil rights supreme court case about segregated schools, Thurgood Marshall argued for NAACP, ruled that segregation was inherentely unequal and should end fast, led to lots of other civil rights legislation and the Little Rock Crisis |
| Thurgood Marshall | led the team of NAACP lawyers in the Brown v Board of education case, super important for breakdown of segregation, argued that any separation was psychologically damaging whether it was equal or not and it violated 14th amendment |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | massive african American protest of boycotting city buses of montgomery, resulted in the supreme court ruling that segregation laws were unconstitutional, sparked other civil rights protests and emerged Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks |
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference SCLC | organized ministers and churches in the south to get behind the civil rights struggle, formed by Martin Luther king jr |
| SNCC | student non violent coordinating committee, formed to keep sit in movement for civil rights organized, helped integrate public facilities throughout the south |
| March on Washington | huge peaceful march and protest on Washington led by Martin Luther king Jr, I have a dream speech, appealed for end of Racial prejudice and segregation |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | made segregation illegal in all public facilities and let the federal government enforce it (in schools especially) |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | ended literacy tests and provided federal registrars in areas where black citizens were kept from voting, helped African Americans especially in the south be able to vote and stuff |
| Malcom X | preached black nationalism, separatism and self improvement and defended violence as a part of the Civil Rights movement |
| Stokely Carmichael | popularizing the slogan “Black Power", civil rights activist |
| Black Panther Party | organized by Huey Newton, revolutionary socialist movement advocating self rule for Black Americans during the civil rights movement, same vein as Malcom X |
| American Indian Movement AIM | A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota |
| Lyndon B Johnson | vice president to John F Kennedy, became president when he died, great Society new Deal type reforms, civil rights passed, vietnam stuff |
| Great Society | Lyndon Johnson's new Deal type stuff, couldn't really be effective because he was being worried and stuff over in vietnam, Medicaid, medicare lots of cool stuff, |
| Barry Goldwater | senator that ran for president against Lyndon Johnson, had conservative ideas that weren't popular at the time but he did plant a seed |
| Medicare and Medicaid | Great Society programs about providing health insurance for the poor and elderly 65+ |
| Equal Pay Act | passed in 1963 for anti discrimination for pay in jobs based off of gender and other factors, really pushed for by women in the NOW organization |
| Betty Friedan | wrote The Feminine Mystique, encouraged middle class women to get careers AND be a wife mother ect |
| National Organization for Women NOW | adopted activist right tactics of other civil rights movements of the 70s to try and get equal treatment of women, especially jobs, tried to get Equal Rights Amendment |
| Tonkin Gulf Resolution | gave the president power to do whatever he wanted in Vietnam, made Vietnam technically an unofficial war bc Lyndon Johnson just kinda sent troops in without congress approval, led to later checks on executive power with War Powers Act |
| Operation Rolling Thunder | bombing campaign in the Vietnam war under president Johnson, prolonged air attack before they sent in ground troops |
| Students for a Democratic Society SDS | intellectual student protests based on the ideas of Tom Hayden, activists called for university decisions to be made through participatory democracy so students can have a voice, important for vietnam |
| Port Huron Statement | declared purposes of the students for a democratic society group, University democracy and student protests type stuff, important for vietnam |
| New Left | people who supported student Democratic society and their ideas, activists and intellectuals, hand in hand with counter culture of the '70s |
| counterculture 1970s | rebellious dress, hippies, drugs, communal living, sexual revolution, folk music, Woodstock and LSD all about the 60s and 70s, later reacted again with conservatism resurgence |
| Tet Offensive | Vietcong launched attack on south Vietnam American base, took some land but it was super demoralizing for public support for the war and for pres johnson |
| Robert F Kennedy | younger brother of John F Kennedy, served as his attorney general, he also got assassinated which running for president |
| 1968 Democratic National Convention | the only liberal running in the 1968 election, hubert Humphrey and all the Democrats met and then the convention was a mess with anti war riots and it divided the Democratic party and made sure the election was more conservative Nixon v wallace |
| Richard M Nixon | president after Lyndon Johnson, kinda nasty dude I don't like him, ended Vietnam tho, Watergate scandal, resigned presidency |
| George Wallace | ran against president nixon in 1968 election, example of white backlash to civil rights movement (scared of desegregation and race riots) ran as self nominated candidate |
| Title IX | statue to end sex discrimination in schools that receive federal funding, lots of stuff including equal athletic opportunities for girls in schools, key step in promoting women's equality, 1972 |
| Vietnamization (Nixon Doctrine) | the process of turning the Vietnam war back over to the Vietnamese, gradually withdrawing US troops and supporting with money and weapons, led to Nixon Doctrine (future communist conflicts would receive support but not troops) |
| Mai Lai Massacre | secret massacre in Vietnam of women and children in Vietnamese village, example of US government lying about success of war exposed by Pentagon papers |
| Henry Kissinger | secretary of state under president nixon, helped Nixon reach detente with Soviet union and china |
| Detente | pause in the arms race in the cold war between Nixon and Soviet union, relief and thawing of tensions |
| Warren Court | influential court during the 1950s and 1960s, comparable to the Marshall court, Brown v Board, individual rights like Miranda and seizure and stuff like that, rights in criminal proceedings |
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC | Arab nations joined to form an alliance of middle east countries with important oil exports, combination of western dependence on this oil and Arab nationalism and israel Palestine stuff would continue to be problematic |
| environmentalism | compare with conservationism of teddy Roosevelt, this one is late 1900s, environmental stuff like clean air and water instead of national parks and preservation conservation debate |
| Silent Spring | written by Rachel Carson, a book about dangers of pesticides, influenced Lyndon Johnson's great society laws about clean air and water laws, compare with teddy Roosevelt conservationist movement |
| Environmental Protection Agency EPA | passed legislation throughout the 70s about environmentalist stuff like clean air and water act, endangered species act |
| Three Mile Island | nuclear power plant accident that triggered environmentalism and turning away from nuclear power |
| stagflation | problem throughout Jimmy Carter's presidency and the 80s, inflation but wages didn't go up with it so economy kind of stuck |
| Rust Belt | Term given to areas in the U.S. where cities that were previously very successful in heavy industry became industrial wastelands in deindustrialization |
| Tax Revolt | California led a revolt against increasing taxes with Proposition 13 (sharply cut property tax) 1978, Arthur latter believed tax cuts increased government revenues, ushered in Reaganomics of low taxes |
| War Powers Act (1970s) | secret bombing of Cambodia (neutral country) during Vietnam war further discredited Nixon and also made people realize they needed more executive checks with the military, required more Congress approval for military use |
| Freedom of Information Act | law that requires the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased or uncirculated information and documents controlled by the U.S. government upon request, bc of Pentagon papers, Cambodia, vietnam and watergate |
| deregulation 1980s onward | Ronald Reagan and resurgence of conservatism returned to more hands off economics, tried to get the government out of the economy |
| Affirmative Action | the idea of compensation and equal representation in education and career opportunities for women and minorities, controversial cuz some say its reverse discrimination |
| Bakke v University of Califonia | The court ruled that the use of racial quotas in college admissions was unconstitutional, example of affirmative action controversy |
| Equal Rights Amendment | women's activists really pushed for this in the 70s and 60s, NOW campaigned hard but growing conservative movement kept shutting it down |
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| National Security Act 1974 | modernizing military capability to fight the cold war, 1- centralized Department of Defense (replace War Department), 2- creation of National Security Council NSC, 3- Central intelligence agency CIA |
| The Korean War | war fought for containment of communism in 1950s, over pretty fast with communism contained to north Korea, US saw it as a huge success so they were pumped for the vietnam war (big oof) |
| Rosenberg Case | case where Rosenberg couple was tried for leaking the atomic bomb secret, civil rights groups said that red scare hysteria was responsible for their execution |
| John Foster Dulles | advocated for more extreme anti-communist measures like "brinkmanship", pushing them to the brink of war, and massive retaliation (more reliance on nukes but like hello mass extinction??), he was overruled cuz he was too extreme |
| spirit of geneva | when Stalin died Eisenhower was like ay lets slow down this arms race and the new kruschev was like ok that's chill but then Sputnik made everyone competitive again and the soviets wouldn't let Hungary leave Warsaw pact, first thaw in the cold war ended |
| U-2 Incident | a US spy plane was shot down over the soviet union even though they hadnt agreed to open skies at the spirit of geneva, made kruschev mad and he walked out of another cold war thaw at camp david |
| little rock crisis | Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort 9 black students to recently integrated schools to enforce new Brown v Board decision |
| Southern manifesto | south resisted civil rights movement and brown v board of education by declaring that the supreme court had abused judicial power, more ku Klux klan violence |
| Nikito Kruschev | leader of the Soviet union after Stalin but before Gorbachev, denounced a lot of the really criminal stuff Stalin did and seemed more willing to peacefully co-exist with the west, a couple lil thaws in the cold war (camp david and spirit of geneva) |
| March on Montgomery | civil rights movement voting march from Selma Alabama to state capitol of montgomery, tear gas and violence on TV made lots of people mad, "bloody Sunday", turning point for national outrage urged president lyndon Johnson to protect King and marches |
| Vietnam War | started with Eisenhower, just money, then Kennedy kept money but he died before he could pull us out, then Johnson escalated by sending troops and then Nixon ended troop involvement, really just a civil war, lots of protests, thought it'd be like Korea |
| Pentagon Papers | secret government dealings over the course of several presidents from Kennedy to Nixon about lies they told about success of Vietnam war, leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, made public not trust government |
| Buger Court | just after Warren Court but more conservative, Nixon appointed them but they didn't always do what he wanted and had some controversial cases, Roe v Wade is the biggest but they also denied his executive privledge in Watergate scandal |
| Watergate | huge scandal involving Pres Nixon, people over his campaign burglarized the Democratic headquarters and Nixon covered for them, sketch tapes and lies and nobody trusts the government anymore between that and the Pentagon papers and vietnam big oops |
| Gerald Ford | Nixon's vice president, took over after Watergate when he resigned, pardoned Nixon, controversial and not super popular president |
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