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Genetic Pt.2

ScientistAchievementYears
1. Charles Darwin Study of Organisms in Habitats Darwin studied how organisms could survive in certain habitats. He realized that favorable traits are passed from parent to offspring and this leads to the survival of the fittest. 1859
2. Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics Mendel studied pea plants and how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. He noticed that characteristics of offspring, such as height, exhibited recessive and dominant behavior. 1865
3. Friedrich Miescher Discovery of DNA Miescher was the first to isolate DNA from fish sperm and the pus of open wounds. He named this new chemical nuclein, which was later changed to nucleic acid and finally to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). 1869
4. Walther Flemming Observations of Cell Division Flemming observed cells during cell division, stained chromosomes, and termed the word 'mitosis'. He saw chromosomes formed two star-shaped structures, which he termed 'asters' (now known as centrosomes and centrioles). 1879
5. Hugo de Vries Confirmation of Mendel's Work Mutation Theory He confirmed Mendel's hypothesis that inheritance of specific traits in organisms comes in particles, which he called 'pangenes' (now known as 'genes'). 1900
6. Archibald Garrod Garrod pioneered the study of inherited disorders cuz of errors in metabolism. He studied families afflicted with alkaptonuria and realized that it followed a recessive pattern of inheritance. Mendel's law of inheritence = disorders. 1902
7. Sutton and Boveri Chromosome Theory of Heredity Sutton and Boveri proposed the chromosome theory of heredity. This theory states that genes are on chromosomes and the segregation of genes is due to the segregation of chromosomes. 1902
8. Wilhelm Johannsen Study of Common Bean Plants Johannsen studied common bean plants and showed that populations can exhibit a normal distribution (bell curve) due to environmental influences. He termed the words 'phenotype' and 'genotype'. 1909
9. Thomas Hunt Morgan Study of Fruit Flies Morgan studied the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Sex-linked genes He demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the basis of heredity. 1911
10. Fredrick Griffith Discovery of DNA as the Transforming Principle Griffith discovered a transforming principle, which is now known as DNA. He transformed a harmless strain of pneumonia into a virulent strain by transferring DNA. 1928
11. Beadle and Tatum One Gene, One Enzyme Hypothesis Beadle and Tatum exposed the bread mold Neurospora crassa to x-rays to cause mutations. They showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in biochemical pathways. 1941
12. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty Discovery of DNA as the Genetic Material Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty discovered that DNA was the genetic material, not protein. Their research was not accepted at first. 1943
13. Barbara McClintock Study of Maize Plants McClintock studied the genetics of maize plants. She investigated crossing-over during meiosis and produced the first genetic map for maize. Figured out role of telomere and centromere Gene Jumping 1948
14. Hershey and Chase Identification of DNA as the Genetic Material Hershey and Chase used bacteria and bacteriophages to determine that DNA was the genetic material. 1952
15. Rosalind Franklin X-ray Crystallography of DNA Franklin used x-ray crystallography to form X-ray diffraction images of DNA. These images provided important evidence for the structure of DNA. 1950s
16. Watson and Crick Discovery of the Structure of DNA (Franklin did it though) Watson and Crick discovered the shape of DNA as a double helix. They also formulated theories on DNA replication and protein synthesis mechanisms. 1953
17. Matthew Meselson and Franklin William Stahl Confirmation of DNA Replication Meselson and Stahl conducted an experiment that supported Watson and Crick's semiconservative model of DNA replication. 1958
18. Har Gobind Khorana, Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis Khorana, Holley, and Nirenberg used the letters A, U, G, and C to represent the genetic code and discovered the order of each that related to the amino acids produced in protein synthesis. 1960s
19. Werner Arber, Hamilton O. Smith, and Daniel Nathans Discovery of Restriction Enzymes Arber, Smith, and Nathans are credited with discovering restriction enzymes. 1960-1970
20. Paul Berg Pioneer of Genetic Engineering Berg is known as the father of genetic engineering. He pioneered gene splicing of recombinant DNA and created a molecule with DNA from two different species. 1972
21. Fred Sanger Sequencing of Proteins and Nucleic Acids Sanger identified amino acids and obtained the first protein sequence, proving that proteins were made up of ordered parts. (sequencing protein) 1977
22. David Botstein, Ronald Davis, Mark Skolnick and Ray White Linkage of Human Genome Botstein, Davis, Skolnick, and White published a paper on the theory that Restriction Fragment-Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) can be used to make linkage of the human genome. Basic DNA fingerprint & electrophoresis 1980
23. Kary Mullis Invention of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 1983
24. Francis Collins Leadership in the Human Genome Project Collins led the Human Genome Project. He discovered genes behind various diseases like cystic fibrosis, Type 2 diabetes, and Huntington's disease. 1993
25. Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello Discovery of RNA Interference Fire and Mello discovered RNA interference, where RNA blocks messenger RNA to prevent the conversion of certain genetic information during protein formation. This process leads to gene silencing. 1998
26. Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier Discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Doudna and Charpentier discovered CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, which enables the removal, addition, or alteration of DNA sequences. 2012
Created by: yo gurl
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