click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Amercian Rev-Szafran
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Changes in Britain's colonial policy following the French & Indian War set in motion what change in events? | It led to the American Revolution |
"Salutary Neglect" | Policy applied by Britain towardher American colonies from 1607 to 1763 under which she allowed the colonies to run their own affairs. |
King George III | Came to the throne in 1760. He & members of the parliament decided to abandon "salutary neglect" in favor of a new policy designed to tighten control over the colonies. |
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763) | Indian uprising which convinced the British to maintain troops in America indefinitely to provide protection for frontier settlers. |
Mercantilism | A policy which held that colonies existed for the financial benefit of the mother country |
New colonial policies | were implemented in the 1760's to raise revenue and to regulate the colonies more strictly |
Royal Proclamation of 1763 | banned further westward movement by the colonist. Americans repeatedly violated this measure. |
George Greenville | British finance minister who decided on stricter enforcement of mercantile laws which required the American colonies to purchase & import goods only from England. |
Writs of assistance | blanket search warrants authorizing British customs officals to search anywhere for smuggled goods. Accused smugglers were given a bench trial |
Sugar Act(1765) | imposed taxes on refined sugar |
Currency Act(1764) | forbade the issuance of paper money by the colonies |
Quartering Act(1765) | required colonial legislatures to impose taxes to provide housing and supplies for British troops. |
Stamp Act(1765) | imposed a direct tax on the colonies for the first time. Revenue stamps had to be affixed to newspapers, licenses, and legal/commercial documents. |
Townshend Acts(1767) | imposed import taxes on tea, paper, glass, lead, and paint. |
Restrictions on colonial governments | several thousand British soldiers were stationed in the larger cities in the colonies |
American resistance to the new colonial policy | Americans refused to cooperate with British authorities and took steps to undermine enfocement of British policies. |
The Stamp Act Congress(1765) | demanded the repeal of the Stamp Tax |
"No taxation without representation" | slogan used in the protest submitted by the Stamp Act Congress to the King and Parliament |
Colonial boycotts of trade with England | were organized by the Stamp Act Congress to apply economic pressureon England. Their effectiveness led to a major victory |
Repeal of the Stamp Act | a major american victory |
Declaratory Act | reaffirmed Parliament's right to tax and govern the colonies |
Sons of Liberty | engaged in efforts to undermine the enforcement of British policies. They intimidated and harrassed British soldiers and officials |
Samuel Adams | the leading revolutionary agitator in America; a master of propagnda and a skilled manipulator of the mob |
The "Boston Massacre"(1770) | This tragedy was set in motion by Samuel Adams. In this incident, mob violence resulted in the deaths of 5 residents of Boston. This was the first violent clash between Americans and British troops. |
Steps towards war | Samuel Adams used the Boston Massacre as a major theme of anti-British propaganda. Parliament repealed several taxes in an effort to calm tensions. |
Period of calm | From 1770-1772, there was relative calm in the colonies |
Samuel Adams & Patrick Henry | organize the "radicals". Radical leaders feared that the flames of resistance would die out. They urged the Liberty Boys to stay active |
Committees of Correspondence | were organized to spread anti-British material throughtout the colonies, provided a network of communication linking the colonies together. |
The Boston Tea Party(1773) | The Tea Act was passed to save the financially troubled British East India Company. It exempted the company from export taxes on tea-enabling them to sell tea at a cheap price in America. |
American Merchants | were required to pay a small import tax which triggered The Boston Tea Party-1773 |
Coercive Acts ('Intolerable Acts") | In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the Coercive Acts to isolate and punish the colony of Massachusetts. Under these measures the port of Boston was closed & the legislature was suspended. Privileges of local government were limited. |
General Thomas Gage | was appointed as the military governor of Massachusetts |
The First Continental Congress(1774) | met in Philadelhia to frame a response to the "Intolerable Acts" |
Declaration of Rights & Grievances | Delegates drafted this demanding repeal of the acts and called a boycott of all British imports. They also recommended the raising of militias. |
Militia activity | several colonies began mobilizing their militias. |
"Minutemen" | militia members who trained to take up arms at a moments notice |
Gage's expedition | General Gage received reports of increased militia activity throughout Massachussetts. He began to organize a military expedition to go out of Boston to arrest Samuel Adams & John Hancock, who were staying in Lexington,& to seize gunpowder being stored |
Paul Revere & William Dawes | Rode out from Boston to spread a warning of the advance of British troops from Boston. This bought needed time for Adams & Hancock to escape & for the concord militia to hide their gun powder |
Skirmishes at Lexington & Concord-April 19, 1775 ( the "shots heard round the world") | opening shots of the American Reveloution was proved to be the minor skirmish |
"actual representation" | Americans demanded that someone from America be allowed to serve as a member of Parliament |
"virtual representation" | The British believed that each member of Parliament represented all Englishmen, no matter where they lived. |
The Second Continental Congress | conveyed in May 1775 in Philadelphia-From 1775 to 1781 it acted as the Government for the colonies |
John Hancock | served as the President of the Congress |
Olive Branch Petition | offer by the colonies to lay down their arms in exchange for the repeal of oppressive British Laws and Policies--This was the colonies final offerto reconcile w/England. King George III rejected offer/congress got word the petition was denied & created |
The Continental Army | was a strong standing army |
George Washington | was appointed the commander of the continental army |
Factors behind a growing desire for the Independence | it took people along |
Prolonged fighting | caused increased bitterness towards Britian. The longer the war dragged on the more bitter |
British use of Hessians | Helped wage war |
Hessians | were German mersonaries |
British withdrawl from Boston | In early 1776 the Libertarian of Boston from British occupation and raised American moral in hopes of Victory |
Need for foreign assistance | American leaders realized that a public declaration of American Independece might be the only way we could obtain help from other countries. |
"Common Sense" | Political essay which convinced many Americans of the advantages of Independence, by Thomas Paine |
Writing the Declaration | John Hancock appointed a 5 member committe to produce a rough draft of a declaration of American Independence |
Thomas Jefferson-committee member | Became the chief writer of The Declaration of Independce. Rough draft took a few weeks |
Content of the Declaration-Philosophical principles | In the opening papragraph Jefferson laid aid The Philiosophies Justification for the resolve. He restated John Locke's social contract theory, provided the rational w/Americas break w/England |
John Locke's social contract theory | main principles included government based on the consent of the governed. Human Rights to equal treatment under the law and protection of an alliable rights & the right of reveloution |
Statement of grievances | the main body of the declaration contains a long statement of grievences against the King and Parliament |
Approval by the Continental Congress | July 2, 1776 congress approved a resolution in support of the declaration of Independence. A final vote resulting in unanoumous approval was cast on July 4,1776 |
Public Reaction | Public opinion was devided in response to the declaration |
"Patriots" | were Americans who supported The Declaration of Independence (1/3 of American people) |
"Torries" | Apposed independants and remained loyal to the King (1/3 of the population) |
Neutral | The final 1/3 of the population remained neutral |
Significance of the Declaration of Independece | 1)It rallied support for the war effort2)It changed the aims of the war-up until 1776, fighting for repeal on in tollerable acts against British government. Then to declaration. |
Battle of Bunker Hill-1775 | was a very costly victory for the British colonial militia men fought well but failed |
General Gage | was replaced by General William Howe |
Seige of Boston | early in 1776 General Washington applied pressure on British by putting Boston under seige. General Howe finally removed his troops from Boston and head to New York City |
New York campaigns | George Washington pursued |
Battle of Long Island | Washington's army was defeated and the British gained control of New York City |
Washington's retreat | Washington's army suffered defeat/Washington's army left New York and journeyed to New Jersey and into eastern Pennsylvania |
Battles of Trenton & Princeton-1776 | on christmas night Washington's army crossed the Delaware river back into New Jersey early the next morning they attacked & defeated the Hessians,the Americans then moved to Princeton where they defeated the British |
Battles of Trenton and Princeton | were small victories, but they showed that General Washington was a bold leader and the victories helped his army stay together |
Battle of Sarstoga | turning point of the war (1777) |
British battle plan for 1777 | The British launched a 3 winged attack design to gain control of the Hudson River, this would devide and weaken American forces by issolating the New England colonies & putting all of New York under British control |
General John Burgoyne | British Commander |
General Horatio Gates | American Commander |