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Skeletal

Muscular, Skeletal, and Respiratory

TermDefinition
Muscle Cells Traits Multinucleated Attached to bone Striated
Hierarchy in Muscle cells Protein Filaments Sarcomere: Functional unit of contraction Myofibril: String of sarcomeres Muscle cell: Bundle of myofibrils Fascicle: Bundle of cells Muscle: Bundle of fascicles
Protein Filaments Thick: Myosin Thin: Actin (2 Chains)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium storage Release upon depolarization of T-Tubules
T-Tubules Deep Invaginations of plasma membrane Helps membrane depolarization reach interior of cell
Sarcomere Structure Z Lines: Borders of sarcomere/Places where actin contracts I Band: Distance between myosin at rest (Light band) A Band: Distance between I bands thick filaments (Dark bands) H Zone: Distance between thin filaments Myosin sandwiched between actin
Contraction of Sarcomere Z lines are closer together no change in Thick/thin filaments length and A band I band Narrows/H zone disappears
Sliding Filament Theory Myosin binds to actin (Requires Ca+) Myosin pulls actin towards center releases ADP (Power Stroke) Myosin Releases Actin (Requires ATP binding) -Resets to high energy status by using ATP
Common Misconceptions about Contraction No ATP hydrolysis in power stroke (Used to reset the head) If No ATP, myosin stays bound to actin (Can't relax Muscle) Myosin Head Groups work hand over hand
Excitation-Contraction Coupling on Actin strands Troponin binds Ca+ and moves tropomyosin exposing myosin binding sites Myosin binds and contracts
Large and Small Motor Units Large: 1000s of cells per neuron (Gross motor control) Small: 10 to 20 cells per neuron (fine motor control)
Motor Unit Recuitment To increase power, More motor units activated
Muscle energy Sources Creatine-P to replenish ATP Glycolysis: 2ATP Aerobic respiration; 30 ATP
Myoglobin Holds oxygen within muscle allows immediate usage for aerobic respiration
Oxygen Debt Replenish O2 on myoglobin after its been used COnvert lactic acid to pyruvate in liver
Bohr Shift Shift of hemoglobin affinity to O2 (decrease) Caused by increase of CO2/Temp Decrease of pH
Muscle fiber types Slow Twitch: Type 1 (red Oxidative) Fast Twitch: Type 2A (White Oxidative) Type 2B (White fast twitch)
Bone Matrix Fibers (Collagen/Elastic) Ground substance (Liquid to solid CaPhos)
Bone Cells Osteoblast - Build bone (Calcitonin) Osteocyte - Maintain bone Osteoclasts- Break bone down (PTH)
Long bone anatomy Epiphysis - ends - hold spongy bone for RBC production Diaphysis - holds medullary cavity filled with Fat(Yellow marrow) Epiphyseal Plate - between the two (growth plate)
Compact bone Structure Osteon - small tube units with osteocytes -Form canaliculi networks for resource transfer Layers of lamellae around central canal (Blood Supply)
Vitamin D Converts to Calcitriol helps withdrawal Ca+ from food
Lining Cells in Brochi Ciliated Columnar Cells Mucus Cells Terminal Bronchioles - Flat cells (smooth muscle)
Mucociliary Escalator Formed by Ciliated columnar cells and mucus cells Mucus catches particles Cilia sweep mucus up and out
Walls of Alveoli Type 1 cells Allow for gas exchange Type 2 cells Surfactant - Reduce surface tension of water
Visceral/Parietal Pleura Visceral: Connected to lungs Parietal: Connected to Diaphragm Vacuum between two
Created by: mnmoon
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