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Viruses/Bacteria

Viruses, Subviral Particles, Bacteria

TermDefinition
Viral Structure Capsid - Protein Protection Coat/Determines infection capabilities Nucleic acid - Viral DNA OR RNA/ds OR ss/ Circular OR Linear
Lytic Cycle 1. Transcribe/Translate viral genome 2. Replicate viral genome 3. Lysis of host and release new virus partivles
Lytic Cycle proteins Early Genes Hydrolase - destroy host cell genome -Causes all cell activity to direct to viral replication -provides dNTPs virus needs to replicate (DNA viruses only) Capsid Proteins Late genes - Lysozyme (destroy bacteria cell walls)
Lysogenic Cycle 1. Integrate viral genome with host genome - cell becomes lysogen (Prok - prophage/euk - Provirus) 2. Normal host activity - repressor proteins keep virus dormant 3. Excision and lytic cycle - at cell distress
Transduction In lysogenic cycle - Host cell dna can be excised along with viral genome and become integrated into next host Helps new host survivability
Productive Cycle Occurs in animal cells Virus enters host cell and replicates - does not destroy host when leaving and gains cell membrane coat -Fools immune system - Easier infection of new cells
+RNA Viral Genome Acts like mRNA once in host cell Creates -RNA template for more +Virus -RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase (RDRP)
-RNA Viral Genome Must be converted to +RNA strand in host RDRP must be present in capsid and is packaged within new virus particles
+RNA Lysogenic Viral Genome +RNA genome becomes ssDNA - Reverse transcriptase Host cell replicates and inserts into genome Transcribe/Translate using Host enzymes -Permanent part of Genome -High rate of mutation
Prions Good Prions = Neuroprotective Bad Prions - Misfolded good prions that build up Very small Proteins Extremely stable: Resistant to heat/low pH/strong detergents
Bad Prion sources Mutation of gene coding of good prions Rare inherited forms Ingestion of bad prion containing tissue Bad prions cause good prions to misfold to bad prions
Viroids Circular +RNA w/o Capsid noncoding act as mi/si RNAs to block translation or use -RNA to replicate and consume all host NTPs
Bacteria Stucture Shape: Bacilli/Cocci/Spirilla If possess Flagella then monotrichous(1)/Aphi- (one on each end)/Peri-(covered) Gram+ = Thick outer peptidoglycan cell wall Gram- = Peptidoglycan wall inside double membrane
Exotoxins Released by some gram+/- bacteria to kill off competing organisms
Endotoxins Released by some gram- bacteria upon cell wall lysis
Mesophiles Bacteria that like medium temperature
Thermophiles Bacteria that thrive in hot temperatures
Psychrophiles Bacteria that thrive in cold temperatures
Obligate aerobe Need oxygen to survive
Facultative Anaerobe Prefer to use oxygen for ox/phos Use fermentation to survive w/o oxygen
Obligate Anaerobe Die in presence of oxygen
Phototroph Use sunlight for energy
Chemotroph Use chemicals for energy
Autotroph Use CO2 from the environment to make carbon chains
Heterotroph Use carbon chains made by other organisms
Where to bacteria get energy? Troph- related to nutrients Energy -Photo-Sunlight/Chemo-Chemicals Carbon chains -Auto-CO2 chains from environment/Hetero - Carbon chains made from others
Auxotrophs Bacteria that can't make something '-' AA or enzyme - bacteria
Binary Fission and Growth Phases Bacteria reproduction by splitting to produce clones Lag phase - bacteria stores resources to prep for growth Log(exp) phase - Unchecked growth Stationary phase- Carrying cap hit Growth=death Death phase - bacteria die due to waste accumulation
Bacterial Conjugation Conjugation bridge formed to share plasmids/genome with other bacteria Plasmid: Copied and sent to other cell Genome: Copied and sent to other cell, longer bridge lasts, more genome is sent and recombination occurs
Transformation Bacteria takes up DNA from environment
Created by: mnmoon
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