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Module 4 Vocabulary
Module 4 Political - Vocabulary and Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ethnicity | a group of people (often of the same race) who have a shared culture; the cultural component of race |
| Ethnonationalism | the desire of an ethnic community to have absolute authority over its own political, economic, and social affairs |
| Failed state | a country where the government has become so weak it has lost control and can no longer provide basic government functions |
| Multinational state | a country that has two or more nations of people inside of it |
| Multistate nation | a nation of people that are seperated into two countries where they are the majority |
| Nation | a very cohesive ethnicity - the distinction between the two is not clear |
| Nationalism | loyalty to a nation even over allegiance to country, often seen as patriotism taken to an extreme |
| Nation-state | a country where the vast majority of the people are of the same ethnicity (nationality) |
| Semiautonomous region | an area inside of a country that has some power to control itself more than other areas in the country |
| State | a country that has sovereignty |
| Stateless nation | a nationality that does not have a country and isn't the majority in any country which implies that they "should" have a country of their own |
| Colonialism | when a more powerful country acquires full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically |
| Devolution | a national government allowing a regional government to more power to self govern |
| Imperialism | when one country dominates colonies far from their home country and often imposes their culture on them |
| Independence movement | people that are trying to gain political independence for some area that they think should be its own country |
| Self-determination | the idea that nations should rule themselves instead of being controlled by others |
| Separatist movement | a group advocating for independence for a nation inside a state |
| Sovereignty | the ability of a country to govern itself without outside influence |
| Choke point | a strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region |
| Neocolonialism | gaining indirect control of another country through economic or cultural pressures (as opposed to colonisalism which generally used military power) |
| Shatterbelt | a region caught between stronger colliding external forces, under persistent stress, often fragmented by aggressive rivals |
| Territoriality | the perceived connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land |
| Antecedent boundary | a border that has divided people since before history was written |
| Balance of power | when competing forces (or countries) come to a level where no single one is strong enough to dominate the others |
| Boundary | a border that separates administrative units such as countries or provinces |
| Consequent boundary | a type of subsequent boundary that tries to divide the existing groups of people between two countries |
| Geometric boundary | a border that is a straight line and drawn without taking into account the physical and cultural features of the land |
| Relic boundary | a former border between countries that can still be detected on the cultural landscape |
| Subsequent boundary | a border drawn after an area is settled |
| Superimposed boundary | a boundary that is imposed on the cultural landscape which ignores pre-existing cultural patterns |
| Demilitarized zone | an area previously in conflict from which weapons and military forces have been removed |
| Maritime boundary | the extensions of a country's territory that extend into the oceans around them |
| Electoral college | the system used in American presidential elections that assigns a number of votes to states by population. It encourages candidates to not only focus on populated areas |
| Gerrymandering | redrawing voting district boundaries to give |
| Redistricting | in the United States, after each census redrawing voting districts due to population changes |
| Democracy | a form of government in which the ultimate power rests with the people through, usually through their elected representatives |
| Federal state | a country where the national government is strong and the regional governments are also strong so the share power |
| Monarchy | a country ruled by a king or queen |
| Republic | a system of government that places the power on the people through their elected leaders and which the executive is elected, not a monarch |
| Theocracy | when a country is ruled by religious leaders |
| Unitary state | a country where the national government is strong and the regional governments are weak |
| Ethnic cleansing | a powerful ethnic group pushing aside a weaker one to create an area with only their ethnicity, can lead to genocide |
| Genocide | the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group |
| Irredentism | a movement to reclaim land by a group who feels they have a claim on that land |
| Terrorism | using violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims |
| Autonomous region | an area inside of a country that has great power to control itself more than other areas in the country |
| Democratization | when a government makes changes to give all citizens have a greater voice in the country |
| Supranationalism | two or more countries joining together for a common puporse such as economics or defense |
| Centrifugal forces | a cultural trait that divides people within a country |
| Centripetal force | a cultural trait that adds to the unity of a country |
| Apartheid | a harsh system of racial segregation enforced in South Africa from 1948 - 1994 |
| Balkanization | the process of a country breaking into smaller countries because of centrifugal forces |
| Frontier | a zone (instead of a traditional line) that separates two states with neither state having control |
| Ghetto | a neighborhood where an ethic minority is forced to live by law or circumstances |
| Race | a social construct based on the physical differences between groups of people, especially their skin color |
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nicholm221
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