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History Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In The Beginning Of The Louisianna Purchase, Spain Returns Louisiana To... | France |
| Napoleon Threatned The USA By... | voiding the Pinckney Treaty & cancelling USA permission to New Orleans |
| France Forced Spain To Return... | Louisiana Territory & New Orleans |
| Madison Negotiates A Sale With Napoleon For... | $10 million (Madison would join England if France refused) |
| For $15 Million, France Sold... | the Louisiana Territory |
| France Sold The Louisiana Territory Because... | they were faced with an unexpected slave revolt & revolution in Haiti, forcing them to lose stronghold of empire in Caribbean & No America. |
| Lewis & Clark Expedition | Lewis & Clark were sent on a 2 year scientific expedition to find a NW passage |
| Lewis & Clark Recorded... | plants, animals, natives, geography, etc. |
| Jefferson's Strategy Was To Sacrifice Trade To... | avoid war |
| Britain Is Abusing American Ships Coming To France Ports By... | seizing their goods, kidnapping their sailors, & forcing them to serve in the British navy |
| Neutrality Policy | wanted to be preserved by Jefferson, the policy was created by Washington saying it was best for America to remain neutral during wars |
| Embargo Act Of 1807 | no American trade with any & all foreign nations, nothing imported or exported, punish Britain by denying trade |
| The Election Of 1800 Tie | HOR chose Jefferson on the 36th try |
| Jefferson's Republican Stamp | changes cabinet, alien & sedition acts die, national bank stays, cuts military & spending, cuts size of govt. |
| Non-Intercourse Act | replaced Jefferson's failed Embargo Act, NO trading with England OR France, U.S can trade with everyone else, proved unsuccessful |
| Causes of the War of 1812 | Napoleonic War, Jefferson troubles on the sea, Chesapeake-Leopard Affair,1808 election, James Madison became president Macon Bill #2, Br. Instigations of the Indians, Battle of Tippecanoe |
| Hartford Convention (December 1814 - January 1815) | war blockade is severely hurting New England trade & profits, proposed amendments to the Constitution, hope to influence policy in the war, yhreaten to leave the USA if war continues |
| The Treaty Of Ghent | signed in Ghent Belgium, this ends the War of 1812 & both sides return to "pre-war" conditions |
| Warhawk | someone who is in favor of war (ex: John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay) |
| The Era of Good Feelings | 1816 -1824, during Monroe's presidency, it was a time of political harmony & expansion |
| The Era Of Good Feelings Was Ended By... | economic depression |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | Spain ceded Florida to USA , USA gives Spain $5 Million for losses & damages, hard border line to divide territories of USA & Spain in the West |
| The Adams-Onis Treaty Was Also Called... | “The Transcontinental Treaty” |
| Clay Needed To Secure & Stabilize Nation Currency, So... | 2nd U.S. bank was approved in January 1816 which helped Americans gain loans |
| Clay Needed To Encourage & Support American Industry, So... | the Tariff Act of 1816 put a 25% tax on most imports |
| Clay Needed To Build Roads To Help Bind The Nation Using Tariff Money, So... | the Erie Canal & National Road were put into action |
| Erie Canal - 1817 | Albany to Buffalo: cut costs from $100 to $5 & cut time from 20 to 8 days |
| National Road - 1815 | Cumberland, MD to Wheeling, WV |
| West After Clay's American System | got roads, canals, & federal aide |
| Northeast After Clay's American System | got the backing of protective tariffs from the West & loans for manufacturing |
| South After Clay's American System | difficult for small farmers to get loans from BUS , not in need of roads & canals, rely heavily on imports |
| Monroe Doctrine Causes | they worried about intervention & colonization from European powers, especially Russia & South America, & nationalism in the U.S. |
| Monroe Doctrine Authors | James Monroe & John Quincy Adams |
| Monroe Doctrine Provisions | no new colonies in WH, no transfer of colonies in WH, no European interference in WH, America to not interfere in Europe |
| England Supports The Monroe Doctrine Because... | of trade reasons & their enemies would become weaker |
| The Western Hemisphere | North America, South America, & islands |
| The Growing Industry, Technology, & Economics Included... | 2nd Nat. Bank, state govt's, cotton mills, cotton gins, steamships, interchangeable parts, sewing machine, spinning jenny |
| Corrupt Bargain | Henry Clay is Speaker of the House, who later becomes John Quincy Adams' Secretary of State (stepping stone to Pres.) |
| JQA Was Elected As President In The HOR On The... | 1st try (suspicious because it took Jefferson 36) |
| Election Of 1824 Candidates | John Quincy Adams (MA, sec of state) --- William H Crawford (GA, sec of treasury) --- Andrew Jackson (TN, war hero) --- Henry Clay (KY, speaker of the house) |
| Since There Was No Clear Majority In The Election of 1824... | The HOR Had To Pick The President (4th candidate Clay is out) |
| Kitchen Cabinet | Jackson relied on an “unofficial group” of advisors over the formal Cabinet |
| The Only Person In Both The Official & Unofficial Cabinet Was... | Martin Van Burren |
| Indian Removal Act of 1830 | voluntary movement of 5 NA nations to the west of the MS River which later becomes a forced removal (Trail of Tears) |
| American's Promised Lands... | "as long as grass shall grow" |
| Spoils System | a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends, & relatives as a reward for working toward victory, & as an incentive to keep working for the party |
| In The Spoils System, Government Jobs Were Rotated Every... | 4 years |
| Nullification Definition | the action of a state impeding or attempting to prevent the operation & enforcement within its territory of a law of the U.S |
| Nullification Problems | South heavily relied on imported goods, but a high tariff was being put on them over multiple tariff battles & they were losing money |
| Nullification Events | tension between South Carolina & the Fed. Gov’t, Calhoun vs Jackson, Hayne vs Webster |
| Nullification Results | “The Force Bill” gives the Pres. the right to enforce tariffs & The Compromise Tariff was made stating that the tariff would be reduced over 10 yrs. |
| Jackson Political Strength | Nullification Crisis, Force Bill, Kitchen Cabinet, Specie Circular, US debt free (only time in our history) |
| Jackson Political Weaknesses | Indian Removal Act, Spoils System - 2000 jobs, Petticoat War, Inability to manage cabinet, Bank Veto, 1st/only censure |
| Jackson Personality Strengths | Old Hickory, Indian Fighter, Dueler, Christian, Fearless, Committed/Focused, Loyal, Self-made, Iron-willed |
| Jackson Personality Weaknesses | took politics personal, held grudges, gambler |
| North Economy, Politics, & Society | small farms, no slaves, manufacturing |
| South Economy, Politics, & Society | slaves, large agriculture, big farms & plantations |
| Navists | Northern cities predominant favored interests of established Americans over new immigrants (2 catholic groups) |
| Navists Advocated For... | limited immigration from Europe & Asia (feared political rights of immigrants) |
| Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin | Eli Whitney IMPROVED upon the original cotton gin: increased speed of producing cotton which required more labor |
| Sectionalism | favoring your state/section over the nation as a whole (shown through multiple presidential elections) |
| Louisiana Purchase | purchased in 1803 by the USA --purchased from france for $15 million -- purchased to expand U.S. trade by gaining the port of New Orleans |
| Oregon Territory | gained through peaceful agreement in 1846 - Oregon Treaty with England |
| Texas | incorporated into the US (annexed) in 1845 |
| Mexican Cession | won territory during Mexican War in 1848 -- Mexican War treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo |
| Gadsden Purchase | purchased from Mexico in 1848 for $10 million |
| Florida | gained through peaceful agreement from an ultimatum to spain in 1819 -- Adams-Onis Treaty |
| Original USA | won from the Revolutionary War in 1783 -- Treaty of Paris |
| Disputes Between The Mexican Government & American Settlers In Texas | the Gov’t was worried that Texas was becoming too independent |
| Texas Seemed To Be To Independent By... | the Mexican government cracked down on settlers there in 1830 -- forbade further immigration (including the importation of slaves) -- began to enforce taxes - troops were sent to support tax collectors. |
| John O'Sullivan - Manifest Destiny | articulated the long-standing American belief in the God-given mission of the United States to lead the world in the transition to democracy (motivated wars of expansion) |
| Main Cause Of The Mexican War | a disputed boundary between the United States & Texas on the Nueces Strip |
| Oregon Trail | Roughly 2,000-mile route from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon |
| Oregon Trail Usage | used by hundreds of thousands of American pioneers in the mid-1800s to emigrate west -- provided a vital path for westward expansion in the United States |
| Popular Sovereignty | states were able to choose whether they were a free or slave state (occurred in Missouri Compromise of 1850 & Kansas-Nebraska Act) |
| Missouri Compromise 1820 | proposed by Henry Clay -- Missouri enters USA as a slave state -- Maine enters USA as a free state -- 36-30 line determines slavery in the west |
| Above vs Below The 36-30 Line | above: free & below: slave |
| Missouri Compromise 1850 | PFACT: popular sovereignty to decide slavery in the Mexican Cession -- fugitive slave law toughens -- abolish slave trade in D.C. -- California enters USA as a free state -- Texas public debt paid by USA |
| Fugitive Slave Law | required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state (response: Uncle Tom's Cabin) |
| Brooks-Sumner Affair | Congressman Brooks (Democrat) violently beat & seriously injured Senator Sumner (Republican) |
| Sumner Spoke On The Brooks Sumner Affair During... | the Kansas election |
| Pottawatomie Creek | John Brown & his 4 sons killed 5 pro-slavery men with cutlasses & launches Civil War in Kansas |
| Harper's Ferry (VA) | John Brown armed slaves & attacked the arsenal hoping slaves would join his fight against slavery |
| Bleeding Kansas | pro-slavery govt. passed harsh slave laws & anti-slavery created a free-state government in Lawrence, KS |
| On May 21st 1856, The Border Ruffians... | looted, burned homes, & attacked newspaper |
| Border Ruffians | pro-slave raiders |
| Dred Scott's Argument (Scott vs Sanford) | free man -- lived in a free state & free territory - national laws support his argument -- Land Ordinance of 1787 -- Missouri Compromise Line, 1820 |
| Pro-Slave Argument (Scott vs Sanford) | slave & property -- constitution protects property --Amendment 5: eminent domain |
| Dred Scott vs Sanford Result/Ruling | majority opinion maintains Dred Scott as slave property -- Missouri Compromise Line is unconstitutional -- Scott can't sue |
| Election Of 1860 | Abraham Lincoln won the election - lead to the secession of the Confederate states - the Confederacy felt threatened by Lincoln believing he would end slavery |
| Confederate States (Secession) | TX, LA, AR, MS, AL, GA, FL, TN, SC, NC, VA |
| North Civil War Advantages | more: populated, military, industry, railroad tracks, workers, factories, food farmlands, bank deposits, pig iron, firearms, credit, allies, navy |
| Confederacy Civil War Advantages | great leadership, home field advantage, passion to fight (similar to US in Revolution) |
| 1st Bull Run | 3 months after Fort Sumter, both sides realize will not be a quick war, both call up more troops, both train troops, both sides fought poorly, major loses & injuries of troops on both sides |
| Antietam | McClellan vs Lee: Union victory, 1st Confederate attack on Union, Confederates denied foreign allies, Lincoln passes Emancipation Proc. |
| Appomattox Courthouse | Lee vs Grant: Union victory, Lee fails to escape the Union pincers & get his Lynchburg supplies, Lee surrenders to Grant |
| Grant's Amends To The Confederacy | Confederate officers may keep their pistols, soldiers may keep their horses, 25,000 rations for Confederate soldiers, no arrests - Confederates may go home |
| Massachusetts 54th Regiment | African Americans faced racism & were treated differently |
| Freedman's Bureau | Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, & Abandoned Lands - any former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. - called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats. |
| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery |
| 14th Amendment | gave former slaves equal protection under the law |
| 15th Amendment | gave African Americans the right to vote |
| Black Codes Purpose | guarantee stable labor supply now that slaves were emancipated -- restore pre-emancipation system of race relations |
| Black Codes Result | forced many freed people to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers] |
| Civil Rights Act Of 1866 | crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public conveyances & public places -- prohibited discrimination in jury selection |
| Civil Rights Act Of 1866 Shortcoming | lacked a strong enforcement mechanism |
| After The One In 1866, No Civil Rights Act Was Attempted For... | 90 years! |
| Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 | act to regulate railroad rates |
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