Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Exam 2 SocPsych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social realities | The constructed and shared understandings, beliefs, and norms within a society or social group. |
| Social construction | The process by which individuals and societies create and assign meaning to concepts, identities, and behaviors through social interactions and cultural practices. |
| Gender identity | An individual's deeply held sense of their gender, which may or may not align with the sex assigned at birth. |
| Racial and ethnic identity | The identification and sense of belonging to a particular racial or ethnic group, often influenced by cultural heritage, ancestry, and social categorizations. |
| Cyberspace identities | Identities formed and presented in online environments, where individuals have choices in how they present themselves and interact with others. |
| Situated identities | Identities that emerge and adapt in specific social contexts and interactions, influenced by the meanings and cues present in those situations. |
| Self-verification | The desire for individuals to have their identities and self-conceptions validated and confirmed by others in social interactions. |
| Identity interruption | Discomfort or distress caused by a perceived inconsistency between how an individual sees themselves and how they believe others see them. |
| Identity work | Activities and efforts individuals engage in to create, maintain, and negotiate their identities in social interactions. |
| Perceptual control identity theory | A theory explaining how individuals negotiate and maintain their identities in everyday interactions, seeking consistency between their self-perception and feedback from others. |
| Identity salience hierarchy | The arrangement of one's multiple identities into a hierarchy of importance and relevance in everyday interactions. |
| Social cognition | The ways in which individuals process, organize, structure, and retrieve information to make sense out of themselves, others, and situations. |
| Situational cues | Elements or stimuli in the environment that provide information and guide the categorization and interpretation of social stimuli. |
| Categorization process | The process of placing perceived situational stimuli into groups or categories based on shared characteristics. |
| Prototype | A representation detailing the typical characteristics or features most commonly associated with a category. |
| Exemplars | Specific examples of actual members of a category that contribute to the cognitive representation of the category. |
| Schema | Cognitive structures that organize information and identify the attributes and relations among the attributes of a category. |
| Stereotypes | Beliefs about the features, opinions, and expected behaviors of a group that are generalized to individuals belonging to that group. |
| Heuristics | Cognitive shortcuts or mental strategies that allow individuals to make judgments and decisions quickly, often based on limited information. |
| Anchors | Perceptual reference points used to reduce ambiguity and simplify perceptions in a given situation. |
| Framing | How problems or decisions are presented, which affects how people perceive and interpret the information. |
| Automatic processing | Nonconscious and effortless processing of information that occurs without volitional control or awareness. |
| Controlled processing | The ability to consciously direct and regulate cognitive processes in pursuit of goals or incentives. |
| Impression formation | The process of forming initial judgments and perceptions about others based on available information. |
| Attribution | The process of assigning causes or explanations to a person's behavior. |
| Fundamental attribution error | The tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when attributing someone's behavior. |
| Correspondence bias | The tendency to attribute someone's behavior to their internal traits or dispositions, even when situational factors are present. |
| Actor-observer bias | The tendency for actors to attribute their behavior to situational factors while observers attribute the same behavior to dispositional factors. |
| False consensus effect | The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. |
| Correspondent Inference Theory | A theory that suggests perceivers focus on the consequences or effects of an act to determine the underlying disposition of an actor. |
| Covariation Model | A model that proposes perceivers analyze multiple instances of behavior and consider distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus information to make attributions. |
| Distinctiveness information | Information about how an individual's behavior varies across different entities or stimuli. |
| Consistency information | Information about the consistency of an individual's behavior towards a specific entity over time. |
| Consensus information | Information about how other people respond to the same entity or stimulus. |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | When false expectations about someone's behavior lead to actions that confirm those expectations. |
| Impression management | The process of presenting oneself in a way that creates a desired image or impression in the eyes of others. |
| Ultimate attribution error | The tendency to attribute positive behaviors of one's own group members to internal causes and negative behaviors to external causes, while attributing opposite patterns to out-group members. |
| False consensus effect | The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. |
| Intra-individual | Processes that occur within an individual. |
| Implicit attitudes | Attitudes that are not consciously accessible but influence behavior. |
| Explicit attitudes | Attitudes that are consciously held and can be reported. |
| Evaluation | The process of assessing or judging something. |
| Classical conditioning | Learning through repeated pairing of stimuli. |
| Operant conditioning | Learning through consequences of actions. |
| Associative learning | Learning based on associations between stimuli and responses. |
| Evaluative conditioning | Learning through the association of stimuli and evaluation. |
| Self-perception theory | Theory stating that attitudes are inferred from one's own behavior. |
| Balance theory | Theory emphasizing consistency and balance in attitudes. |
| Reinforcement paradigm | A model that emphasizes the role of incentives in shaping attitudes. |
| Cognitive dissonance | The psychological discomfort arising from inconsistent cognitions. |
| Attitude change approach | A theoretical framework that emphasizes the cognitive responses of recipients of persuasive communications. |
| Message learning steps | The component steps of message learning, including presentation, attention, comprehension, acceptance, and retention. |
| Two-sided arguments | Persuasive messages that present arguments supporting the communicator's position and arguments that recognize and refute the opposition's viewpoint. |
| Latitude of acceptance | The range of attitudes or positions that a person is willing to accept or find agreeable. |
| Latitude of rejection | The range of attitudes or positions that a person is not willing to accept or find disagreeable. |
| Communicator credibility | The perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and good will of the communicator, which enhances the effectiveness of persuasive communications. |
| Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) | A theoretical model that focuses on the extent to which individuals engage in elaborate cognitive processing of persuasive messages. |
| Central route | A cognitive processing route in which individuals carefully consider the message and its arguments. |
| Peripheral route | A cognitive processing route in which individuals rely on simple cues and heuristics to evaluate persuasive messages. |
| Dual process models | Theoretical models that recognize both automatic and controlled pathways to attitude change. |
| Cognitive dissonance theory | A theory that focuses on the discomfort or dissonance experienced when individuals hold inconsistent cognitions and their subsequent motivation to reduce the dissonance. |
| Postdecisional dissonance | The dissonance experienced after making a decision, which leads individuals to rationalize and justify their chosen option. |
| Foot-in-the-door strategy | A strategy that relies on people freely choosing to perform a small favor as a step in eliciting even greater attitude or behavior change. |
| Counterattitudinal advocacy | Expressing or advocating for a belief or behavior that is inconsistent with one's existing attitudes. |
| Self-consistency | The desire to maintain internal coherence and harmony in one's beliefs and attitudes. |
| Self-concept | The individual's perception and understanding of oneself. |
| External justification | Seeking or finding reasons or justifications outside of oneself to justify behavior or attitudes. |
| Internal justification | Seeking or finding reasons or justifications within oneself to justify behavior or attitudes. |
| Self-justifications | Explanations or justifications that individuals develop to maintain self-consistency and a positive self-concept. |
| Interdependent cultures | Cultures that emphasize social harmony, cooperation, and interdependence among individuals. |
| Collectivist cultures | Cultures that prioritize the collective well-being and interdependence of individuals within a group. |
| Independent cultures | Cultures that emphasize individualism, autonomy, and independence. |
| Inoculation approach | A theory of resistance to attitude change that exposes individuals to weak opposing arguments to develop defenses against persuasive attacks. |
| Reactance | A motivational state that emerges when individuals feel their freedom to express certain beliefs or engage in certain behaviors is threatened, leading them to act in ways that restore the belief or behavior. |
| Self-monitors | Individuals who are highly attuned to social expectations and adjust their behavior to fit in with others. |
| Attitude–behavior relationship | The extent to which attitudes predict or correspond to behavior. |
| Theory of reasoned action | A theory that explains how attitudes influence behavior by considering the person's behavioral intention, which is influenced by attitudes toward the behavior and subjective norms. |
| Theory of planned action | An extension of the theory of reasoned action that incorporates perceived behavioral control as an additional determinant of behavioral intention and behavior. |
| Subjective norm | Perceived social pressure to undertake or avoid a behavior, including beliefs about how others think one should behave and willingness to comply with those beliefs. |
Created by:
LouS
Popular Social Studies sets