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Sociology Families
AQA Sociology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does *Durkheim* suggest family roles should be distributed | Which theorist believes that: *families should be segregated into the man's Instrumental Role and the woman's expressive role?* |
| Murdock 1949 | Who studied *250* different societies and found evidence of the *nuclear family* type within all of them therefore claiming it to be *universal*? |
| What were *Murdock's* four functions of family | who gave these items as the functions of a family: Sexual: Allows 'sexual access' and therefore stabilises society. Reproductive: continues race because couples have kids. Economic: Provision and collection of money/food etc. Education: Socialisation |
| Give critisms of *Murdock's* theories | Which theorist may these critisms apply: 1. No consideration as to whether other institutions can perform key functions 2. Only considers the 'harmonious nuclear family' 3. Serves men better them women and capitalism |
| Give *Parson's* 2 'basic and irreducible' functions of the family. | What theorist gives these 2 functions of the family: 1. Primary Socialisation 2. Stabilisation of adult personality (Warn bath theory- keeps (men) sane as they can unload after a long day |
| Give criticisms of *Parsons* | Which theorist may these 3 criticisms apply: 1. Idealises family life 2. Only looks at American middle class families 3. Ignores the fact that other institutions could perform the functions of a family. |
| Describe Warm Bath theory | stabilisation of adult personality Coming home in the evening after a long day of work and being able to unload your worries on your wife and play with your kids is like stepping into a bath, stabilising society. (Parsons) |
| Define Geographically Mobile Workforce (and which theorist) | What would Parsons call a workforce like this: A small (nuclear) family that can quickly and easily move from town to town in order to find work and meet the demands of the economy. extended family would be too large to drag around. |
| Define Socially Mobile Workforce (and which theorist) | Parsons gave this explanation for what form of workforce: Society is meritocratic and achieved status exists Families are small so classes cannot clash ie if a son is a higher status than his father at work then the son living at home=tension |
| What did Laslett (1972) state about preindustrial family types and who does this contradict? | 90% of preindustrial families were nuclear as people died too young to form extended families. this is a direct criticism of Parsons the Functionalist who stated that all preindustrial families were extended to fulfill the needs of contemporary society. |
| Define Principal of Stratified Diffusion | The lifestyles of those at the top of the social ladder are gradually adopted by those at the bottom..... by Willmott & Young |
| Define Segregated Conjugal Roles | What kind of roles would: A division of household labour between 2 parterners Typically men would be occupied with paid work and women with domestic work. Leisure time would follow suit, with men socialising outside of the home in pubs etc. |
| Define Joint Conjugal Roles | What kind of roles would this be:When both partners in a household share tasks . They both do domestic tasks and will share their leisure time together. |
| According to Willmott and Young, how did the symmetrical family come about? | Financial: Economic stability Mobility: More money so folks can afford better housing and move to the suburbs. Smaller Families: Contraceptive Pill (1963) Improved Living Conditions: Home comforts/men wanting to stay home more |
| Define Symmetrical roles | Men and women having equal but opposite amounts of domestic work |
| Define Matrilocal | Living close to your mother is called being______ |
| Define March of Progress | The idea that family life is continuously getting better and better. Things are continuing to become more equal between parents |
| Stat: % of folks who aspire to be in a nuclear family | 80% of folks aspire to be part of what kind of family type? |
| Stat: % of divorce rate | 40% of marriages do what? |
| 14% of folks are in what family type in the UK? | Stat: % of folks living in nuclear Families (This number neglects to include same-sex or blended families) |
| Define Privatised Nuclear family | families would isolate themselves by moving to the suburbs away from their close friends/family meaning they could only rely on themselves for support and would have to spend more time together. |
| Safety Valve | Things that let off steam in society to prevent revolution!.... ie the family and wives |
| Patriarchy | A male dominated world is called a...... |
| Matriarchy | A female dominated world is called a...... |
| Capitalism | An economic system where the investment of capital into businesses with the aim of maximizing profit. This profit is privately owned by the minority |
| Proletariat | The working class: those who must work for the bourgeoisie to earn income |
| Bourgeoisie | The ruling class |
| Ideology | A set of ideas or beliefs |
| Capitalist Ideology | The set of ideas/beliefs that justify inequality. |
| False class consciousness | We don't all recognise that we are all proletariat and working for the bourgeoisie. We see conflict between ourselves not with the ruling class, we see it in the wrong places. |
| Conflict of interest | The struggle for money and power between the proletariat and bourgeoisie |
| key points on how Zaretsky (1976) and Engles (1884) viewed the family as beneficial to capitalism | 1. Socialises children into accepting capitalism 2. Women are a reserve army of labour 3. unit of consumption 4. safety Valve 5. Reproduction of an obedient workforce |
| Give critisms of Zaretsky (1976) and Engles' (1884) view on families. | 1. Ignores family type diversity 2. Feminists: male/female conflict is more relevant 4. Somerville (2000) (feminist): Marxists ignore the harm that the family can do to its members (ie violence/incest/ neglect etc) |
| What do Marxists wish to do to the family | Which misogynistic viewpoint wants to abolish the family? |
| Define Unit of Consumption | Where (families) have to buy all that they need. |
| Define Unit of Production | Where (families) have to make/grow all they need. |
| Define Hierarchy | A social structure where those at the top have the most power. |
| Define domination | To rule over/ opposite to oppression |
| Define Oppression | Where you're pushed down |
| Define Domestic Labour | Another word for House work |
| What is similar between Marxists and Feminists | Which 2 theories see unequal division of money/power between 2 conflicting groups in society |
| What's the difference between Marxists and Feminists? | What theories believe these things? ______: conflict between classes ______: Conflict between sexes |
| What did Benston (1972) believe | Marxist feminism 1. there is oppression between gender and classes 2. women do unpaid labour 3. men cant refuse work for wages, women don't have power to fight for decent wages so relies on man |
| What did Cooper (1972) believe and what kind of theorist were they? | (Marxist feminist) 1. Ideological Conditioning 2. kids learn to accept authority and family is the basis of the obedient workforce required by capitalism |
| What did Freely (1972) believe and what kind of theorist were they? | (Marxist feminist) 1. family is an authoritarian unit, dominated by husband 2. kids learn their place in capitalist society |
| What did Ansley (1972) believe and what kind of theorist were they? | (Marxist feminist) 1. family is a safety Valve 2. women sponge up male woes (takers of shit) (fact: married men live longer and have healthier lives than married women) |
| Ansley (1972) has 2 quotes | what are they 1. 'Women are takers of shit' 2. 'Every worker is provided with a sponge to soak up his revolutionary ire, the bosses rest secure |
| critisms of Marxist feminism | ignores family type diversity many women have paid jobs the harm to women is exaggerated, men can also be sponges It ignores the benefits of the family. (fact: singletons have an even worse life expectancy than married women) |
| What did Greer believe and what kind of theorist were they? | (Radical feminist) 1. female repression is the most serious division 2. society is PATRIARCHAL 3. family is the most important source of male dominance |
| What did Delphy & Leonard (1992) believe and what kind of theorist were they? | (Radical feminist) 1. it is men who are the main beneficiaries of women's oppression (not capitalists) 2. women work for men, not the family unit |
| What are the details of Delphy and Leonard's (1992) study? | They did a time analysis of women's domestic work women do 2x as much house work than men women are man's moral support and organise his entertainment (acting as a safety Valve) 3. man's 'trouble free' sex 4. YET men make key decisons |
| What did Pardy (1997) believe and what kind of theorist were they? | Which theorist believes this: women should be able to choose to have kids she questions media's belief that it's possible to have it all If we didn't have kids then we'd have time to revolt Solution BABY STRIKE only then will female rights focused on |
| What does Greer believe is necessary to improve the lives of women? | 1. men and women must live segregated lives 2. women should live martilocally 3. This system of segregation will help everybody, the young and old. |
| critisms of Greer and radical Feminists | 1. If women didn't have kids they'd still have domestic work 2. Denies status to those women who choose to have families 3. only focus on w/c 4. not every family is patriarchal 5. Makes sweeping statements 6. Not LGBT+ friendly AT ALL |
| What did Somerville (2000) believe and what kind of theorist were they? | Which Liberal feminist believes that some progress towards gender equality has been reached but much more is necessary |
| Which things do liberal feminists want to happen? | 1. Legal changes (ie childcare/flexible working etc) 2. Role model changes (ie actions not words) |
| What do Difference feminists believe | All families are different and should be treated as thus. |
| What do Liberal Feminists seek to do to improve the female situation? | 1. We need new policies that help with practicalities of childcare and careers. 2. Changes to office culture and working hours to accommodate kids. 3. reduce costs of childcare. |
| Provide criticisms of Difference feminists. | 1. Families may all be different but still exist within a Patriarchal/capitalist/heteronormantive world so still suffer. |
| Which Difference feminist argued that homosexual families cannot be lumped with heterosexual families as they are often more equal? | What did Calhoun (1997) argue and what kind of theorist were they? |
| Difference feminists examples of how families can be positive when we don't just focus on hetero-white families. | Which theory uses these examples as why families can be positive depending on your situation? 1. Black families are positive as they are places for women to escape rascism 2. Homosexual families are often more equal (Calhoun) |
| Define Ideological state apparatus | Social institutions: ie media/schools that are formally separate from the state but transmit its values. |
| Postmodernism | If the 'modern' society is Victorian/industrial then 'postmodern' is after that. As in the current modern day. |
| Personal life perspective | An interactionalist perspective that views everybody individually. |
| Define Donor conceived children and they make up part of which theory/theorist? | Children born using donor egg and sperm are called what? Part of Personal life perspective: Nordqvist and Smart |
| Why don't Personal life perspectivists view all families as nuclear? | They see that all families are individual and that we make our own. ie friends are the new family This view is modern/up to date with the times. |
| Critisms of Personal life perspective | 1) By including a range of social relations, they ignore what is special about the family and that blood/legal link that people have 2) nuclear Families must still be important if we still aspire to be part of one. the theory denies it's status |
| What did Becky Tipper discover in a study in 2011 and what theory does she stand by? | many people consider their pets to be members of their family? |
| Define Chosen kin | Support networks/friends made up of non-blood kin |
| Define Fictive kin | Calling your parent's best friend your aunt/uncle |
| Why do postmodernists recognise that there is a variety of family types? | • society is chaotic • People have the choice now that they didn't in the past, so they chose to be part of a variety of family types |
| Define the key characteristic of postmodernism known as: Diversity and Fragmentation | Society is increasingly fragmented. There is broad diversity rather than one shared culture. People create their own identity through consumerism. |
| Define the key characteristic of postmodernism known as: "Lack of dominant belief system". | Secularisation and the choice of Church due to the internet means we are no longer constrained by one moral system. Religion is now just a cultural resource not a way of life. |
| Define the key characteristic of postmodernism known as: Rapid Social change | Change through new technologies, ie internet. This has dissolved the barriers of space and time, transforming patterns of work and leisure. Life is now fast and unpredictable. |
| Define the key characteristic of postmodernism known as: Post-Fordist | The idea that we use individualized consumer products that are designed by us and made by a specialist team with a computer. |
| Define the key characteristic of postmodernism known as: Declining importance of Social structure | Class no longer means anything to people, ie if you asked someone, they wouldn't know their class. |
| Define the key characteristic of postmodernism known as: Greater individual freedom | We are no longer bound by custom or tradition. We choose our own identity. |
| Define the key characteristic of postmodernism known as: Greater family diversity | We now have divorce/cohabitation/SPFs. We are not bound by custom or tradition. |
| Define the key characteristic of postmodernism known as: Greater uncertainty | Our futures are no longer predictable. This is both exciting and terrifying as it creates great uncertainty. |
| Define Risk consciousness (Giddens) | Postmodernism: We are now more concerned than ever before about individual things ie health/morals. |
| Define Panopticon (Foucault) | Bentham's prison design: It is a prison shaped like a donut so very few guards can watch many, many prisoners. |
| Define Panoptican gaze (Foucault) | Like the panopticon the overhanging threat of social agencies Forces people to act appropriately just in case they are being watched. |
| Define New Right Theory | A procapitalist economic theory that is the opposite to Marxism. |
| Define Welfare state and when was I established in the UK | Benefit system and any social structure designed to help people. 1948 by labour govt |
| Define Child support agency (CSA) when was it started | began 1993 under John Major (Tory) Which agency would ensure that a parent couldn't just run off and abandon their kids. It ensures they pay maintenance costs No longer a free service. |
| Define Child benefits | A little money put into the mother's bank account each month to help with child care |
| Nordqvist and Smart believed what (PLPs) | Social relations are more important than genetic ones this is significant in step families and for donor conceived kids. |
| Giddens ♂️ believed what (and what theory) | Postmodernist: key words: Confluent love Details: Couples are madly in love with each other. if not they would separate like a rolling contract. |
| Stacey ♀️believed what (and what theory) | Postmodernist: key words: The Divorce extended family Details: Members are more connected by divorce than marriage, ie ex in-laws. |
| When Stacey did research in Silicon valley what did she find (Also which theory)? | Which theorist when to Silicon valley and found that many women rejected traditional housewife role Women can shape their family arrangement to meet their needs and free themselves from patriarchal oppression. Women also driving force behind divorce. |
| Hareven ♀️ believed what (and what theory) | Postmodernist: key words: Life course analysis Details: Sociologists should be concerned with focussing on individual family members' choices throughout their life regarding family arrangements. |
| Critisms of postmodernism | 1) Giddens: people may have more freedom but there is still a structure 2) Contemporary Feminists: traditional gender roles still mdisadvantage women 3) Marxism: Your financial situation affects choices |
| What does Foucault want to happen | He wanted people to wake up from this enslavement to create a future 'spectacle' A direct opposition to Capitalism. Spectacle- A utopian future society based in enjoyment and freedom. |
| Define Divorce extended family | Stacey♀️ views that people are more connected through divorce than marriage. |
| Define Fatalistic gender regime | When governments choose polices based on the male breadwinner role |
| Define individualistic gender regime | When governments choose polices that view men and women as equals |
| Define Neo-Liberal Welfare policy | NOT LIBERAL It is the move towards less govt interference through privatisation and reduced red tape. |
| Define empty Nest Syndrome | When kids leave home |
| Define Social policy | Guidelines, principles or laws set out by the govt that affect society ie housing/health/children/care etc. |
| How do labour tend to approach running the state? | Political party who seeks a larger state high levels of support higher taxes |
| How do conservatives tend to approach running the state? | Political party who seeks: Small state low support high 'self reliance' low taxes |
| What would Material support include | What social policy would this be? tax credits child benefits CSA |
| What would work life support include | What form of social policy would these be included in? Maternity/Paternity pay childcare advice/sure start centres Child Protection SPF into employment support |
| What three ways would Barret & McIntosh say family social policy is not inclusive | social policy is: Patriarchal Harmful Anti-social |
| How would Barret & McIntosh say that social policy are Harmful? | social policy is (What) because: -Suggests singletons/ communal living are abnormal/unnatural -Domestic violence swept under the rug -Condenms other family types ie SPF |
| How would Barret & McIntosh say that social policy are Patriarchal? | social policy is (What) because: -Suggests women are primary carers of kids/elderly -Childcare policy: Mothers must give up employment/ go part time -Hospitals/ social care low so women must pick up slack and care for elderly/sick |
| How would Barret & McIntosh say that social policy are Anti-social | social policy is (What) because: -Devalues life outside family -Package holidays orientated towards nuclear family -houses designed for nuclear family everything designed for nuclear family |
| China's family policy and affect on family. (1979) | It prevented 300 million births but lead to too few young people and little emperor syndrome/ stress on kids |
| Communist Romania family policy and affect on family. (1980) | Country banned divorce/ contraception/ abortion causing lots of unaffordable kids placed into severely underfunded state orphanages. |
| Nazi family policy and affect on family. | Encouragement of 3 Ks for racially pure women hard for women to work/ no contraception/abortion |
| How did the Functionalist Fletcher view social policy and family | Which theorist from 1966 agreed with: - introduction of health care -maternity leave -part time work -education policy He liked things that would help family perform its functions |
| How does Donzelot critise Fletcher's positive perspective on family orientated social policy | Building on Foucault's Surveillance: Professional carers observe and judge families M/c and w/c families are judged differently w/c seen as 'problem' families, so disadvantaged by social policy |
| New Right view on social policy | changes that have lead to greater family diversity have threatened convention and produced social problems |
| What did Almond have to say about liberal social policy? (2006) | changes that have lead to greater family diversity have threatened convention and produced social problems -Gay marriage/ cohabitation shows hetero nuclear fam is no longer superior |
| How did Land view social policy and what theory? (1978) | -State undermines women -tax & benefits assume man is breadwinner so it's hard for women to claim benefits in their own name -only 30 hours of free childcare -free childcare from age 3 -more maternity leave than paternity leave dictating roles |
| The two gender regimes invented by Drew and what theory? | Which feminist (1995) believed in these: -Fatalistic gender regime -Individualistic gender regime |
| Murray's opinion on social policy and what theory? | -Welfare policy has had *dreadful* concequences |
| New Right solutions to social problems | Which theory says these will fix society? -Cut welfare (and taxes) -Remove benefits/ counsel housing -tax breaks for married couples -Stronger CSA -Less state interference |
| The Rapoport's 5 types of family diversity (1982) | -Cultural -Social Class -Life Cycle/Cohort -Family Life course |
| Describe what the Rapoports meant by Social Class Diversity within families? | -M/C: ie higher emphasis on education/communication/equality negotiated parenting -W/C: ie emphasis on conformity and obedience less domestic sharing |
| Describe what the Rapoports meant by Life Cycle/ Cohort Diversity within families? | When you're born: impact of being born during war older generations tend to be less tolerate of progress ie homosexuality/ cohabitation kinship networks may vary |
| Describe what the Rapoports meant by Family Life course Diversity within families? | ie different family types through time empty Nest Syndrome etc |
| Describe what the Rapoports meant by Cultural Diversity within families? | Diversity of cultures: ie South Asian families tend to be extended and may arrange marriages Black Carribbean families tend to be SPF Faith: ie Catholic families tend to be big due to no contraception or divorce Muslim families tend to be patriarchal |
| Describe what the Rapoports meant by Organisational Diversity within families? | -Between Families: ie SPF and Nuclear families organise themselves differently -Internally: ie dual earner/ house spouse/ dual burden etc |
| How does Chester criticise the Rapoports? | Who critised the Rapoports by: believing family structure has only changed in terms of nuclear families moving towards dual earners. Alternative family types are just stepping stones to nuclear family |
| How did Cheal describe modern family diversity? | which postmodernist described modern family diversity as: no 1 dominant family structure as society is chaotic there is choice Which is good, although it brings instability so relationships break down |
| Define Zombie family | Beck's concept that families are dead as they cannot perform the functions they are meant to due the insecurity of this chaotic life. |
| Define individualisation theory | The theory that we are disembedded from traditional roles and structures |
| Define DIY biography | This is where we shape our own life course as we have the choices to do so. |
| Define Pure relationship | A relationship of 2 people who are completely infatuated with each other. Like a rolling contract that can be ended at any time by either party. |
| Define Connectedness thesis and which theorist | PLP: Smart. The PLP theory that we live within a network of interwoven personal histories and existing relationships all affecting our choices. People cannot simply walk away from these connections Parents will stay together due to kids. |
| How does Beck suggest this biography/life course has changed? | the standard biography people used to follow has now been replaced by a DIY biography. |
| What did Eversley and Bonnerjea notice about class differences and family diversity in 1982? | Who found that class affected the type of family you were in. w/c: marry younger/more kinship due for more economic support particularly in times of crisis. m/c: not having this issue could marry later and in a more Privatised manner |
| Benson did a study in 2010 | new right theorist: he found that 20% cohabitating families broke down in the first 3 years he found that 6% married families broke down in the first 3 years. |
| How would Giddens say marriage is more equal? | 1: Contraception: reproduction not sole focus of families 2: Feminism: women have greater independence and expect more respect within a marriage. |
| Beck ♂️ + Beck-Gernsheim♀️ believed what (and what theory) | key words: Negotiated family Details: Every family is different as each of negotiate every aspect ie how we distribute roles etc. |
| The theorist May suggests what about the influence of traditional social structures? | 1: women do have rights but not all of them 2: women feel they must stay in the closet in this heteronormantive society to get top jobs. |
| The theorist Zinasdottir (2011) suggests what about the influence of traditional social structures? | Which feminist states that society's norms favour heterosexuality these continuing structures continue to shape our decisions. |
| reasons for greater family diversity | 1: Legal changes 2: Changes in social values/ attitudes 3: Changes in gender roles 4: Benefits for SPFs 5: Employment opportunities 6: Longer life expectancy 7: secularisation 8: immigration |
| reasons for increasing divorce | 1) legal changes 2) rising expectations of marriage 3) declining stigma and changing morals/attitudes 4) secularisation 5)changes to position of women 6)rise life span |
| Define dam effect | A sudden high stat after a legal change as a massive backlog is created. |
| Which groups are at highest risk of divorce? | 1) marry young 2) couples who have kids before marriage 3) peeps who've been married before |
| percentage of British children experience parents divorce by 16? | 25% |
| Why have marriage rates fallen? | 1) Changing attitudes 2) Secularisation 3) Time & money 4) Changing position of women 5) Fear of divorce 6) Seeking the perfect partner |
| McRae | love was the most common reason for cohabilitation |
| Proportion of 18-24 year olds think cohabitating without intending to marry is cool | 80% |
| Reasons for increasing rates of cohabitation | 1) declining stigma 2) young people are open minded 3) secularisation 4) Women don't need financial security |
| How did Chester (85) describe the nature of cohabitation? | which Theorist stated that cohabitation is a stepping stone towards marriage? |
| According to Coast (2006) stated what % of people cohabitating expected to get married at some point? | Which theorist stated that 80% of people think what about cohabitation? |
| What did Bejin (85) state about the nature of cohabitation? | Which theorist stated that cohabitation was a conscious decision to create a more negotiated and equal relationship. moving away from the conventional patriarchal family |
| What did Shelton and John (93) state about the status of cohabitating women? | Which theorist stated that women who cohabit do less housework than married women |
| What does Macklin (80) state about the nature of cohabitation | Which interactionalist stated that cohabitation means something different to everyone. the term covers a wide range of relationships and is varied. |
| What is Stonewall | What is the name of the organisation that promotes and works towards equality for LGBTQ+ community? |
| What did Stonewall say in 2012 about how many adults were in same sex couples? | Which organisation stated that in what year were 5-7% adults in what type of relationship? |
| When were male homosexual acts decriminalised in the UK? | What was decriminalised in 1967? |
| When was the first gay marriage in the UK? | What happened on March 29th 2014? |
| What was Section 28 and when was it placed/ recalled? | In 1988 law prevented education about homosexuality? it was reappealled in 2003 |
| What did Alan and Crow have to say same sex couples? | Which theorist stated that due to a lack of legal framework, same sex partners have to negotiate everything making them both more flexible and less stable? |
| In 2013 how many houses were singletons | 3 in 10 household that's 3x what it was in 1967 |
| What % of single person households are over 65 yrs | 40% |
| Estimated: by 2033 what % of population will be single? | Theoretical: 30% |
| Duncan and Philips stated that how many adults were living apart together in 2008? | Which theorist stated that as of 2008 1 in 10 adults were living apart together? |
| theoretical: what % of people born in 1973 will be childless? | Estimated: 25% |
| what % of all families are SPF | 22% |
| what % of SPF families are matriarchal? | 90% |
| Since the mid 1990s what was the largest reason to be SPF? | Since when was choosing not to marry ever |
| What reason does Murray give for rising SPF rates? | Which idiot states that it is due to an overgenerous welfare state creating a dependency culture that causes a rise of what family type? |
| Cashmore gave what reason for w/c women choosing to be SPF? | Which theorist stated that it was due to experiencing past domestic violence that caused which demographic of women choose to be SPF? |
| Renvoize stated what about professional women in relation to kids? | Which theorist stated that which demographic of women may have kids without needing a father's involvement? |
| What did Ferri and Smith have to say about step families? | In 1998, which theorists said that which family type looks very much like the conventional nuclear family but is more likely to be in poverty due to maintenance payments? |
| what % of all families with dependent children are step families? | 10% |
| What % of kids in a step family are from the woman's previous relationship? | 85% |
| What % of kids in a step family are from the man's previous relationship? | 10% |
| In 2012, what % of black families where female dominated SPF families? | 50% |
| Mirza (97) | black women tend to be in which family type due to their pride in their independence and personal choice? |
| According to Reynolds (10) | Most black families are which family type on the surface but are actually co-rearing their kids but (which) parent is non-resident. This makes it very different from the similar white British family type made through divorce. |
| According to Ballard, why are Asian families more likely to be extended | families will choose which family type as a source of support for migrants? |
| In 2008, Charles found which family type was practically extinct except for which community? | ,According to which theorist, the extended family is what, except in Bangladeshi families? |
| In 1988, Willmott saw a rise in the dispersed extended family | families are geographically separate but maintain regular contact via phone calls etc... |
| In 1968,Bell did a study | Swansea finding m/c would typically have mother and daughter connections for support (matrilocal) W/c would have typically son and father connections for financial support. |
| In 2003, Brannem came up with a name for which long and thin family type? | Define bean pole family |
| According to Cheal what are the differences between what sons and daughters are expected to do? | sons are rarely chosen as caregivers daughters are rarely chosen to give financial help |
| Define immigration | the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. |
| Define Ageism | prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of a person's age. |
| Define Emigration | the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad. |
| Define fertility | the ability to conceive children or young. |
| Define life expectancy | the average period that a person may expect to live. |
| Define Dependency ratio | an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force and those typically in the labor force. It is used to measure the pressure on the productive population. |
| Define infant mortality rate (IMR) | the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births |
| Define total Fertility rate | he average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if: she was to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates through her lifetime she was to live from birth until the end of her reproductive life. |
| Define Birth rate | the number of live births per thousand of population per year. |
| Define Death rate | the ratio of deaths to the population calculated as the number of deaths per one thousand people per year. |
| Define net migration | the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants throughout the year |
| Define push factors | a factor that motivates a person to migrate away from their country or region of residence |
| Define pull factors | something that attracts people to go and live in a particular place. |
| Define globalization | the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. |
| Define Shallow Diversity | we accept the surface elements of other cultures such as Samosas and Saris |
| Define assimilation | the process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas. it aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt the language etc |
| Define deep diversity | Deep-level diversity includes traits that are nonobservable such as attitudes |
| Define multiculturalism | the presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society. |
| Define Public services | What the government provides for the people eg NHS and state pensions. |
| Define Public health measures | Anything the government does to protect our health. |
| What reason does Harper♀️give for the decrease in birth rate. | Which Theorist gave education as the biggest reason for what? |
| McKeown♂️gave what reason for up to a 1/2 the decline in death rate. | Which theorist gave better nutrition as a reason for what? |
| What is happening to the average age of the population | What average is currently rising |
| Why are we getting older as a society? | 1) longer life expectancy 2) declining IMR 3) Declining fertility |
| Why are we concerned about a aging population | 1) Strain on public services 2) More 1 person pensioner households (1 in 8). 3) Dependency Ratio |
| Phillipson's highly negative view on old people. | Who said which demographic is useless to capitalists and gives this as the reason for terrible social care as capitalists don't invest so care is often left up to female family members. |
| How does Hunt, a PM say we make our identity. | consumption |
| Define transnational identity and which theorist. | Eriksen: People may migrate back and forth between countries so may feel themselves as an amalgam of identities and don't ascribe to one culture. |
| Cohen gave what definition of a citizen? | Full citizenship rights (voting/ benefits etc) Very difficult since 1970. |
| Cohen gave what definition of a denizen? | Privileged foreign nationals welcomed here by governments. |
| Cohen gave what definition of a Helot? | Most exploited group: Disposable labour/unskilled/poorly paid/trafficked workers/domestic servants etc. |
| Define hybrid migrant identity and which theorist? | Eade: A form of hierarchical identity where 2nd+ generation immigrants viewing themselves as more aligned with the another country. |
| What policies does Hirsch recommend to combat spending problems with an ageing population? | 1) Encouraging saving for retirement 2) raise retirement age 3) encourage trade down of housing |
| What are the causes of the our current population growth? | 1) Immigration higher than emigration 2) Immigrant family size tends to be bigger This lowers the average age of our country as People will tend to arrive for economic reasons so tend to be in their 20s thus balances the dependency ratio |
| Trends in global migration? | 1) Acceleration (In 2013 rose by 33%) 2) Differentiation (many types) 3) Super diversity (wide range: Vertovee (07)) |
| Proportion of female migration: (Ehrenreich & Hochschild) | 50% |
| Proportion of adult care nurses are migrants (Shutes (11)) | 40% |
| Why would Castles & Kosack (73) hate immigration? | People blame which group of people for social problems? This divides the w/c and benefits capitalism preventing a unified revolution |
| Define conjugal roles | The roles of the adult partners in a house hold |
| Define sex typing/ which theorist | The separation of roles as based in gender (pink & blue jobs) Ward & Hetherington |
| According to Kan, every £10,000 per year increase in♀️ earnings has what effect on amount domestic work? | 2 hours of domestic work is reduced for a women per how much increase in pay per year? |
| ♂️ Gershunny found what % of domestic work did not working women do? | Women who were what did 83% of domestic work? |
| ♂️ Gershunny found what % of domestic work did working women do? | 73% of domestic work falls on women who do what? |
| Overall, What is the pay gap? | 20% |
| Why was Oakley critical of W&Y's research on symmetrical roles | Who's research on what must we be critical about as: They asked men if they'd done at least one domestic task in the last week Then they considered this shared housework.... |
| According to Oakley, what proportion of men significantly help with housework? | 15% |
| According to Oakley, what proportion of men significantly help with child care and why? | 25%, Due to it being and enjoyable task |
| Boulton found that what % of men helped extensively with childcare? | 18% |
| According to Ferri and Smith,% of fathers who took main responsibility for childcare | 4% |
| According to Morris♀️, women are still expected to do housework even if their husbands are what? | unemployed |
| % of men who cared for sick children according to Dex & Ward? | 1% |
| What did Engles describe the family as | a 'Haven in a heartless world' |
| In 2012,how many more househusbands than 10 yes ago? | 6000 |
| From 2012, how many fewer housewives in the previous 10 years | 44,000 |
| Bell (86) said unemployed men did less housework than working men for what reason? | Due to demasculation what is the trend with unemployed men? |
| Slayer (00) gave what effect of household technologies | Which theorist said what had raised standards of cleanliness making what more difficult? |
| Duncombe & Mardsen (95) and later Tichenor (05) give what reason for the exclusion of men from domestic work? | According to 2 separate theorists the belief that men lack emotional participation and myth of male incompetence have had what effect on men in the home? |
| In which ways did Westwood find ethnicity and religion having an effect on sharing of housework? | ,Ie, Asian families tend to have more traditional housewife role even if the woman is working. |
| Kan (01) found what effect of both parterners having a university degree? | Which theory says couples are more likely to share housework for which reason? |
| Gershunny (94) found that what made housework more likely to be shared | Which theorist stated that if the women was working what would happen? |
| Dunne (99) found what about Lesbian couples? | Which theorist found which family type had effective sharing of housework due to a lack of 'gendered script' in a non-patriarchal. |
| Define Chav | Typically applied to the w/c Overly exaggerated masuline characteristics fashion/bling Alcoholism/riotous behaviour etc |
| Define Hegemonic Masulinity | In the past the male identity was formed around the concept of being financial providers |
| Define Complicit Masculinity | A form of masulinity in a world where men & women share roles in the family but women take responsibility for the home |
| Define Metrosexual | metro as in metropolitan. The image of a young heterosexual man focused on clothes/ cosmetics/narcissism It is typically a m/c label |
| Why is the stereotype of male image changing? | In the North East, manufacturing jobs have halved in the last 20yrs. This has given way to service economy/computer technology jobs |
| When did coercive control become a crime and what does this entail? | In 2015 it became a crime to use controlling behaviour that had a 'serious effect' on a partner |
| 80% | What % of domestic abuse victims are female? |
| 20% | what % of domestic abuse victims are men? |
| 1 in 3 | Proportion of women who will experience domestic abuse in their lifetime? |
| How many women are killed by partners each week? | On average what happens to 3 women a week |
| 1.6 million women experienced what in 2019? | How many women experienced domestic abuse in 2019? |
| On average how many times of asking does it take for a domestic abuse victim to get professional help? | It can take domestic abuse victims on average 5 times of asking to get what? |
| Less that 24% | % of domestic violence crime that is actually reported to the police? |
| How often do the police receive domestic violence related calls? | The police get at least one call every 30s about what kind of crime? |
| What do Dobash & Dobash describe as the triggers for domestic violence? | 1) Jealousy 2) Money 3) Children 4) Drunkenness 5) Arguments over food (ie women's role) |
| According to Dobash & Dobash, proportion of women said that there were circumstances when a man is right to hit his wife. | 37% |
| Why would Walker (79), say that women are reluctant to speak up about domestic violence | 1) Learned helplessness 2) Lack of alternatives |
| What proportion of (male) domestic abusers victim blame | 80% |
| 2 reasons why Firestone would say that DA is evidence of patriarchy? | 1) Different gender role socialization 2) A crisis of Masulinity |
| Wilkinson says that what is caused by unequal power in society? | The Marxist that believes that what is the cause of domestic violence as proven by DV is more prevalent in working classes |
| How many die a year due to honour violence | 12 people die a year |
| Number of cases of forced marriages a year? | 1,300 |
| What are the 4 types of abuse? | 1) Neglect 2) Physical 3) Sexual 4) Emotional |
| Percentage of abuse is neglect? | 63% |
| Percentage of abuse is Physical? | 19% |
| Percentage of abuse is Sexual? | 10% |
| Percentage of abuse is Emotional? | 8% |
| % of abuse that happens at home? | 85% |
| What would Pilcher (95) give as the definition of childhood? | 1) A distinct phase 2) Many Differences ie legal 3) Golden Age of our lives 4) Protected |
| What does Wagg (92) say about childhood | (92) Theorist that states that what is socially constructed due to massive variation ie culturally/over time it also has no biological end? |
| Explain cross cultural differences in childhood? | 1) Different Responsibilities 2) Different values of obedience 3) Perception of ie sexual behaviour |
| In 1830, what law made education compulsory in Uk | The Education Act |
| Why would Marxists and feminists argue that the march of progress in terms of childhood is bad | Which theory would suggest that something childhood related is idealised and based on inequality |
| the number of marriages ending in divorce is how much higher than 50 years ago? | about 5x higher |
| How would Functionalists explain rising divorce rates? | couples esp women, expect more love, companionship, understanding and fulfillment in relationships, if not present then divorce immanent |
| Levin | regards Living Apart Together (LAT) families as the new family type, an alternative to marriage and cohabitation that challenges concept of traditional nuclear family. It avoids risk (IE recreating poor conditions) Practical for responsibilities etc |
| According to the Centre for Economics and Business, how much is to raise a kid to aged 21 | £200,000 |
| how many kids a year are born out of marriage or civil partnership? | 50% |
| how much has the number of SPF grown since 1971 | tripled |
| 1989, Children Act | centers on the welfare of kids Conservative, so reinforces family responsibility by specifying parental duties for the kid. |
| Define domestic division of labour | the way gender roles are assigned within the family even divides leisure |
| Knudsen Wærness | there is no modern country in the world where men do more housework (or even the same amount) as women |
| European Social Survey 2010-11 | Women living with a male partner who are in full time work are, on average, responsible for 2/3 of the housework |
| Foods Standards Agency 2007 | over 3/4 women take most or full responsibility for household food shopping |
| Harkness | Women are more likely to take time off paid work to care for sick kids |
| Edgell | fewer than half if working women are responsible for making financial decisions |
| Pahl | growing individualisation in finances more likely with younger couples |
| Ariès on childhood | Childhood is a social construct: In medieval times childhood did not exist as a separate entity Children were 'little adults' and an economic asset infancy --> adult roles/responsibilities but industrialization needed a literate workers, laws =schools |
| % of UK kids in poverty | 25% |
| suggest 3 reasons why UK is more child centred | Smaller families: more time Shorter Working Hours: time Higher standards of living/consumerism: toys and money spent on kids |
| Gittens on childhood | children have different experiences of childhood dependent on class, gender and ethnic origin eg disposable income, tradition and freedom |
| Julia Brannen on childhood | All kids of Asian origin do more chores such as making bed etc Asian Girls with mothers in full time employment are also very likely to perform roles caring for the family and themselves and other chores |
| Statham and Owens on childhood | there are a disproportionate number of BAME kids in care and on child protection registers are |
| Katz on childhood | longitudinal study on kids lives in a Sudanese village Vs w/c families in Harlem similarities between the cultures as in both: low skilled young people facing poor job prospects due to poor education |
| Postman on childhood | insist that advertising and sexualisation have led to disappearance of childhood (own eg: evident in things like the disappearance of kids games like Moshi monsters and kids moving onto adult apps like Tiktok and Insta) |
| UNICEF on the UK's kids | are the unhappiest in the Western work: poor physical and mental health School failure poor relationships with parents and peers |
| Cunningham on childhood | parental authority has been undermined as kids get pocket money or get money through part time work |
| Palmer on Childhood | parents are working longer hours and tech is cheaper so parents use tech to keep kids occupied this had led to a 'toxic childhood syndrome' as kids are being deprived of a proper childhood as they are stuck indoors |
| Womack on childhood | 31% of kids are exposed to sibling abuse (IE abuse from siblings) |
| Bowes et al on childhood | risks of depression and anxiety double for kids victim to sibling bullying |
| According to the CSEW (2019) how many adults had been victims of abuse before age 18 | 8.5 million |
| Yearshire on abuse | on average women will experience 35 assaults before informing the police |
| When did Marital rape become illegal in the Uk | 1991 |
| Cheal on abuse | Police are reluctant to become involved in domestic abuse cases as families are considered private |
| Define Democratic | the study of human populations |
| when did baby booms occur after | The two world wars 1960s as living standards rose 2000s as women who had delayed having kids until they were older began families |
| how had the infant mortality rate changed | 138 in 1902 4 in 2014 |
| how has the death rate changed | 16 in 1902 8.7 in 2014 |
| When was the retirement age abolished | 2011 according to Lawson this means the elderly will be less of a burden in the economy |
| Townsend | argues that the elderly are perceived negatively through social construction as relying on low benefits and services which may push them into poverty |
| effect of the 1948 British Nationality Act | granted commonwealth citizens a British passport and right to work in the UK saw influx of white Europeans also the Windrush generation |
| how many immigrants have arrived in UK from commonwealth since 1968 | 83,000 |
| When did the UK join the EU | 1973 |
| Since 1973 until 2000 how many people had immigrated and emigrated to the UK | 642,000 in 402, 000 out |
| what percentage of immigrants came from the EU in the 2000/10s | 40% |
| In the year ending Sept 2019, how many people did the UK grant asylum to? | 19,480 |
| Define Natural population change | due to deaths and births within a country |
| What has been the cause of population growth in the UK since 1900 | Natural population growth. More births and longer life expectancy |
| How much of the state welfare budget allocated to pensions? | 50% |
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