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Social Psychology
Sociological Social Psychology. Chapter 1-3. Exam 1.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social psychology | involves the systematic study of the influence of the real, imagined, and implied presence of others on an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
| Assumptions about the nature of the individual: | We recognize individuals as biological creatures who believe, perceive, feel, and act |
| Systematic observations | A scientific approach to describing reality ultimately involves gathering observations in a careful, orderly way, minimizing as much bias as possible. |
| empirical generalizations | patterns of variation across time and place in the relationship between factors of interest |
| The logic of scientific inquiry is two forms of logical reasoning representing different stages in knowledge on a topic: | Induction and deduction |
| Induction | the process involving the movement from casual to systematic observations that allow the emergence of the coherent patterns that provide the basis for theorizing |
| Deduction | the specification of an abstract theory, with hypotheses tested through further specifically focused observations, in a research study |
| Theory | a systematic explanation for the observations that link two (or more) aspects of social life |
| Concepts | abstractly represent aspects of social reality by naming groupings of observations that share similar features. |
| Hypothesis | a testable statement indicating how two or more concepts are related, each varying from high to low or present or absent. |
| Negative relationship between two concepts suggests that there is an: | increase in one variable(concept) is associated with the decrease in another variable (concept) |
| Positive relationship between two concepts suggests that there is an: | increase in one variable (concept) is associated with the increase in another variable (concept) |
| Scope | the conditions under which the hypotheses of a theory are expected to hold |
| Operationalization | a translation that allows movement from the abstract level of theorizing to the concrete level of measurement |
| The independent variable is | the presumed cause affecting beliefs, feelings, or behaviors |
| The dependent variable is | the presumed effect |
| Experiment | involves the exposure of study participants to specially designed situations and the systematic recording of their reactions |
| internal validity | the extent to which findings regarding a causal relationship are likely exist and be valid |
| Reliability exists when | a study's results have been replicated with repeated studies |
| Demand characteristics | activate the study participants' preconceived notions of the study's purpose causing them to behave in a certain way (subject effects) |
| Experimenter effects | expectations of behavior unwittingly communicated by the person running the study |
| deception | providing false information or withholding information with the goal of leading study participants to believe that something is true when it is not |
| ecological validity | study findings apply to behavior in everyday, natural settings |
| external validity | the generalizability of findings beyond the sample to the population of interest or to other settings |
| Random sampling | involves the inclusion of a "unit" of the population of interest by chance alone |
| Stratified random sampling | random sampling within each important category of the population |
| Snowball sampling | relies on using referrals of initial participants to obtain additional participants when it is difficult to locate respondents because the desired sample characteristics are uncommon |
| the survey instrument is | the means by which researchers measure their IV and DV. |
| Likert scaled responses are | used to measure attitudes or perceptions represented by a degree of agreement with a series of statements |
| Nominal measures | variables having distinct, often mutually exclusive, categories associated with them (e.g. hair color) |
| Ordinal measures | more or less of a particular variable (e.g. agreement with a tax proposal) |
| nonparticipant observer | observer who is not engaging in the social situation and behavior being studied |
| Structured observation | uses a set of predetermined categories to code the behavior observed in a natural setting |
| intra-observer reliability | observers are assessed to make sure their coding is consistent over time |
| Inter-observer reliability | include two or more observers to minimize potential bias and assess consistency across observers |
| Field research | participant observers immersed in an organization or community for a long period of time, getting to know the people and the flow of their interactions |
| field notes | less structured observations detailing activities, conversations, responses to informal questions, and overall processes |
| ethnography | written account organizing the observations and interpretations (attempt to reveal the meanings attributed to behavior) |
| informants | individuals occupying particular positions to provide background information and help organizing the data gathered and understanding the findings |
| reactivity | how the researchers presence may affect the behavior of the people and the interactions being studied |
| Triangulation | qualitative researchers cross-check findings with multiple sources of data |
| Archived methods | various strategies of analyzing existing information, including documents, texts, pictures or videos, songs, websites, or statistics, collected or produced by others and often for purposes other than research |
| Ecological fallacy | inferences about individual behaviors from aggregated data |
| Confederates | research assistants instructed to act in a particular way by the experimenter but unknown to participants |
| Theoretical perspectives | provide a lens through which we may see our social world. |
| George Herbert Mead developed the... | symbolic interactionist perspective |
| pragmatism | the process of thinking, and how it influences the actions of individuals |
| Mind | not a thing or an entity, but rather is the process of manipulating symbols |
| Symbol | an abstract representation of something that may or may not exist in tangible form (logos, words, etc) |
| For Mead and symbolic interactionists, humans are... | symbol-using creatures who interpret their world. |
| Selfhood | the awareness that one is separate from all other things and people; the process by which we see ourselves "from the outside" or from other people's point of view |
| naming | to conceptualize a person, place, or thing and attach meaning to it |
| looking-glass self | Based on our interpretation of others' reactions, we develop feelings and ideas about ourselves. |
| Self-conception is based on.... | how we think others see us, not on how they actually see us |
| Reflected appraisals | perceptions of how we think others see us |
| Role-taking | involves learning to adopt the perspective of others by imagining being in their position, or seeing yourself from another's perspective |
| Preparatory stage | children imitate behavior and gestures |
| Play stage | children learn to take the role of particular others |
| Game stage | children learn more complex role-taking abilities. |
| generalized other | larger community |
| Mead claimed the Me aspect of the self is... | based on the view of significant others and the generalized other |
| Mead claimed the I aspect of the self is... | the spontaneous, active, and sometimes impulsive side of the self |
| Social comparisons | the process of thinking about information about one or more other people in relation to the self |
| downward comparisons | where they compare themselves to less fortunate others, for self enhancement and self-esteem motivations |
| upward comparisons | where they compare themselves to someone deemed socially better in some way, for self-improvement |
| Realistic social comparisons | people compare themselves to real others to evaluate themselves |
| Constructive social comparisons | self-evaluations based on "in-the-head" social comparisons based on guess, conjecture, and rationalization" about social reality |
| Selective association | choosing the people we hang out with in order to manage conflicting evaluations from others |
| Independent self | perceives the individual as independent, self-contained, and autonomous - one who comprises a unique set of traits, abilities, motives, and values, as well as behaves primarily as a result of these internal attributes (Western notion) |
| Interdependent self | (Asian, African, and Latin American cultures) - is characteristic of seeing oneself as part of ongoing social relationships |
| impression management | intentional use of tactics to manipulate the impression others form of us |
| impressions given | impressions we believe that we are giving |
| impressions given off | impressions that others in the interaction have of us |
| ingratiation tactics | tactics to get someone to like you |
| protective practices | audience support when actor "loses face" - ignoring, forgiving |
Created by:
LouS
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