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Social Studies ECA
End of Course Assessment for Givens/Howard 2022-23
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Torah | First five books of the Hebrew Bible |
| Hebrews | the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob) |
| Dharma | In Hindu belief, a person's purpose |
| Caste System | A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life |
| Brahman | A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything |
| Hinduism | A religion native to India, featuring belief in many gods and reincarnation |
| Monotheism | belief in only one god |
| Caliph | successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims |
| Baptized | A ritual in which someone is blessed with holy water to join the Christians |
| Bible | The holy book of Christianity |
| Judaism | the monotheistic religion of the Jews. |
| Samsara | the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism |
| The Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. |
| Polytheism | Belief in many gods |
| Abraham | Founder of Judaism |
| Moksha | Becoming liberated for the cycle of reincarnation in Hinduism. |
| Nirvana | The state of englightenment for Buddhists. |
| Hindu | a follower of Hinduism |
| Buddhism | A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha. |
| Disciples | Followers of Jesus |
| Five Pillars of Faith | the essential duties of Muslims must fulfill; faith, prayer, alms, fasting and pilgrimage |
| Resurrection | Jesus's rise from the dead |
| Trade Routes | a path followed by traders |
| Gentile | Non-Jew |
| Imam | a leader of prayer in a mosque |
| Talmud | collection of Jewish law and tradition |
| Islam | the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life |
| Nepal | Place of birth of Siddhartha Guatama |
| Moses | the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus |
| Covenant | A solemn agreement between human beings or between God and a human being in which mutual commitments are made. |
| Theodosius the Great | Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire |
| Gospels | Four books in the New Testament that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings |
| Solomon | (Old Testament) son of David and king of Israel noted for his wisdom (10th century BC) |
| Sabbath | a holy day for rest and worship |
| Ten Commandments | ten laws and teachings said to have been given to Moses by God |
| Christianity | A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus |
| Constantine the Great | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) |
| Crucifixion | A type of execution in which a person was nailed to a cross |
| David | Second king of Israel |
| Diaspora | the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel |
| Eightfold Path | as taught by the Buddha, the path one must follow to achieve nirvana |
| Four Noble Truths | All life invoves suffering; desire is the cause of suffering; elimination of desire brings an end to suffering; a disciplined life conducted life brings the elimination of desire. |
| Hadith | The compiled work of the life and teachings of Muhammad. |
| Jesus Christ | Founder of Christianity |
| Jihad | A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal |
| Ka'ba | the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth |
| Karma | The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life. |
| Makkah | Also known as Mecca, crossroads for merchants, and an important religious site. |
| Messiah | Savior sent by God |
| Missionary | A person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others |
| Mosque | A Muslim place of worship |
| Muhammad | Founder of Islam |
| Muslim | A follower of Islam |
| Nontheism | belief in no god |
| Parables | Short stories that use everyday images to communicate religious messages. |
| People of the Book | Jews and Christians |
| Prophet | a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God. |
| Qur'an | Sacred text of Islam |
| Rabbi | Jewish religious leader |
| Ramadan | Month of fasting |
| Roman Empire | Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. |
| Saul/Paul | A persecutor of the Christians who became a great missionary |
| Shari'ah | Islamic religious law |
| Siddhartha Gautama | Founder of Buddhism |
| Sunnah | the example that Muhammad set for Muslims about how to live |
| Synagogues | Jewish houses of worship |
| The Buddha | Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have found a path for overcoming suffering. |
| Manuchuria | A resource-rich region of northern China |
| Samurai | Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land. |
| Bakafu | the military government of Japan between 1192 and 1868, headed by the shogun |
| Meiji Restoration | the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's |
| Diamyo | a japanese fedal lord who commanded a private army of samurai |
| Bushido Code | code of conduct for samurai during the feudal period in Japan |
| Industrialization | The development of industries for the machine production of goods. |
| Westernization | An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries. |
| Shogunate | The rule of the shoguns |
| Tokugawa Ieyasu | this man established a shogunate that would dominate Japan for hundreds of years |
| Emperor | the ruler of an empire |
| Shogun | A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name |
| Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land |
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| Hideki Tojo | Prime minister of Japan during World War II |
| Isoroku Yamamoto | Japanese admiral who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 (1884-1943) |
| Manchukuo Dynasty | The puppet government established by the Japanese over Manchuria using Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing dynasty. |
| Pearl Harbor | United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. |
| Tripartite Pact | Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US |
| Political Party | a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office |
| U. S. Senate | Upper house of Congress, 2 reps from each state. |
| General Election | An election held to choose which candidate will hold office |
| Early Voting | the option in some states to cast a vote at a polling place or by mail before the election |
| Represenatives | legislators who had 2 year terms, 435 members, at least 25 years of age, US citizen for 7 years, resident in state in which you represent |
| Swearing-in Ceremony | a ceremony in which sb with a new public position promises to do their duty well |
| Absentee Voting | The casting of a ballot in advance by mail in situations where illness, travel, or other circumstances prevent voters from voting in their precinct. |
| Party-line Voting | process in which voters select candidates by their party affiliation |
| Oath of Office | Oath taken by the president on the day he takes office, pledging to "faithfully execute" the office and "preserve, protect, and defend" the constitution |
| Primary Election | an election held to choose candidates for office |
| Election Day | the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, by law. U.S. presidential elections are held every four years. |
| Senators | Each state gets two __________ that are elected by the people. |
| House of Representatives | the lower house of Congress, consisting of a different number of representatives from each state, depending on population |
| Party Platform | the statement of policies of a national political party |
| 15th Amendment | States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race. |
| 24th Amendment | Abolishes poll taxes |
| Candidate | A person running for office |
| 19th Amendment | Gave women the right to vote |
| Voter Registration | A system adopted by the states that requires voters to register well in advance of Election Day. A few states permit Election day registration. |
| Voter ID Laws | laws that require a person to provide some form of official identification before they are permitted to register to vote, receive a ballot for an election, or to actually vote |
| Suffrage | the right to vote |
| Political Efficacy | The belief that one's political participation really matters - that one's vote can actually make a difference |
| Ballot | the list of candidates on which you cast your vote |
| Poll Tax | A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote |
| Voting Rights Act | law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration |
| Voter Turnout | the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election |
| 26th Amendment | lowered the voting age to 18 |
| Civil Rights Act | 1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation |
| Adolf Hitler | German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945) |
| Anti-Semitism | Hatred of Jews |
| Concentration Camps | prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately. |
| Jews | Followers of Judaism |
| Kristallnacht | (Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews. |
| Mein Kampf | Influential book Written by Adolf Hitler describing his life and ideology. |
| Nazi | a German member of Adolf Hitler's political party |
| Propaganda | information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. |
| Race and Space | Nazi goals of so-called racial purification and territorial expansion |
| Synagogue | Jewish house of worship |
| The Final Solution | Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people |
| The Ghettos | Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live. |
| The Holocaust | the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler |
| Sykes-Picot Accord | a secret treaty between France and Great Britain that divided the Ottoman Empire into spheres of influence for both countries |
| Gulf Ward (2003) | U.S. led 2003 Iraqi invasion with the goal of ousting Saddam Hussien |
| OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
| Six Day War | (1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sanai Peninsula. |
| Arab Spring | A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011) |
| Israel | A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora. |
| Suez Canal Crisis | Military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel in 1956 after Egypt seized the Suez Canal from British administration. |
| Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa. |
| Iran Hostage Crisis | a group of Iranians overran the American embassy in Iran's capital of Tehran and took 52 hostages |
| Mandates | A nation governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations |
| Cold War | A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. |
| Balfour Declaration | Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. |
| Gulf War (1991) | Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait despite peace treaty and refusal to abandon Iraqi occupation |
| Partition of Palestine | the plan that proposed dividing Palestine into two politically independent states with an economic union in an effort to end land disputes between Arabs and Jews |
| Zionism | A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine. |
| Syrian Civil War | Ongoing conflict between Bashar al-Assad (leader of Syria) and rebel forces |
| Indirect Rule | Colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status |
| empire | A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler |
| Prestige | High standing; respect earned by accomplishments |
| King Leopold II | King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). |
| imperialism | A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. |
| British Empire | England + its colonies (Ireland, N. America, Asia, Africa, Caribbean) |
| Open Door Policy | A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. |
| Qing Dynasty | (1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture, |
| Asia | India and China were both regions in Asia that experienced European imperialism |
| Africa | Continent was divided by European nations in the "scramble for Africa" |
| colony | A group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere. |
| Exploit | to take advantage of |
| Indemnity | a payment for damage or loss |
| East India Company | An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia. |
| Sepoy Rebellion | The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. |
| Zulu War | War in African between the British and the Zulu during which the British gained Zulu land |
| Mutiny | Open rebellion against authority |
| ideology | a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. |
| Treaty of Nanjing | "unequal treaty" to end Opium War in which China had to accept British terms for peace |
| Scramble for Africa | Term given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa. |
| arbitrary borders | State boundaries reflecting imperial interests, rather than local economic, social or political realities |
| Berlin Conference | A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa |
| Boer War | Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa. |
| Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops. |
| Direct Rule | a system of government in which a province is controlled by a central government. |
| Envoy | a government representative to another country |
| ethnocentrism | Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. |
| Extraterritoriality | Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation. |
| Hong Kong | A British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997 |
| indigenous | native to a certain area |
| industrialize | to change an economy to rely more on manufacturing and less on farming |
| missionaries | a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country. |
| Natural Resources | Raw materials supplied by nature |
| partition | divide into parts |
| Power | the ability of one country to get another country to act in accordance with the first country's intentions |
| Spheres of Influence | a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority. |
| Taiping Rebellion | (1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners. |
| The Opium War | a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China |
| Torah | First five books of the Hebrew Bible |
| Hebrews | the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob) |
| Dharma | In Hindu belief, a person's purpose |
| Caste System | A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life |
| Brahman | A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything |
| Hinduism | A religion native to India, featuring belief in many gods and reincarnation |
| Monotheism | belief in only one god |
| Caliph | successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims |
| Baptized | A ritual in which someone is blessed with holy water to join the Christians |
| Bible | The holy book of Christianity |
| Judaism | the monotheistic religion of the Jews. |
| Samsara | the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism |
| The Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. |
| Polytheism | Belief in many gods |
| Abraham | Founder of Judaism |
| Moksha | Becoming liberated for the cycle of reincarnation in Hinduism. |
| Nirvana | The state of englightenment for Buddhists. |
| Hindu | a follower of Hinduism |
| Buddhism | A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha. |
| Disciples | Followers of Jesus |
| Five Pillars of Faith | the essential duties of Muslims must fulfill; faith, prayer, alms, fasting and pilgrimage |
| Resurrection | Jesus's rise from the dead |
| Trade Routes | a path followed by traders |
| Gentile | Non-Jew |
| Imam | a leader of prayer in a mosque |
| Talmud | collection of Jewish law and tradition |
| Islam | the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life |
| Nepal | Place of birth of Siddhartha Guatama |
| Moses | the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus |
| Covenant | A solemn agreement between human beings or between God and a human being in which mutual commitments are made. |
| Theodosius the Great | Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire |
| Gospels | Four books in the New Testament that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings |
| Solomon | (Old Testament) son of David and king of Israel noted for his wisdom (10th century BC) |
| Sabbath | a holy day for rest and worship |
| Ten Commandments | ten laws and teachings said to have been given to Moses by God |
| Christianity | A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus |
| Constantine the Great | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) |
| Crucifixion | A type of execution in which a person was nailed to a cross |
| David | Second king of Israel |
| Diaspora | the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel |
| Eightfold Path | as taught by the Buddha, the path one must follow to achieve nirvana |
| Four Noble Truths | All life invoves suffering; desire is the cause of suffering; elimination of desire brings an end to suffering; a disciplined life conducted life brings the elimination of desire. |
| Hadith | The compiled work of the life and teachings of Muhammad. |
| Jesus Christ | Founder of Christianity |
| Jihad | A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal |
| Ka'ba | the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth |
| Karma | The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life. |
| Makkah | Also known as Mecca, crossroads for merchants, and an important religious site. |
| Messiah | Savior sent by God |
| Missionary | A person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others |
| Mosque | A Muslim place of worship |
| Muhammad | Founder of Islam |
| Muslim | A follower of Islam |
| Nontheism | belief in no god |
| Parables | Short stories that use everyday images to communicate religious messages. |
| People of the Book | Jews and Christians |
| Prophet | a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God. |
| Qur'an | Sacred text of Islam |
| Rabbi | Jewish religious leader |
| Ramadan | Month of fasting |
| Roman Empire | Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. |
| Saul/Paul | A persecutor of the Christians who became a great missionary |
| Shari'ah | Islamic religious law |
| Siddhartha Gautama | Founder of Buddhism |
| Sunnah | the example that Muhammad set for Muslims about how to live |
| Synagogues | Jewish houses of worship |
| The Buddha | Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have found a path for overcoming suffering. |
| Egypt | |
| Ethiopia | |
| Libya | |
| Kenya | |
| Madagascar | |
| Somalia | |
| South Africa | |
| Sudan | |
| South Sudan | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
| Nigeria | |
| Ghana | |
| Tanzania | |
| Morocco | |
| China | |
| Russia | |
| Japan | |
| Mongolia | |
| North Korea | |
| South Korea | |
| Taiwan | |
| Vietnam | |
| Laos | |
| Cambodia | |
| Pakistan | |
| India | |
| Afghanistan | |
| Bangladesh | |
| Nepal | |
| Turkey | |
| Lebanon | |
| Israel | |
| Egypt | |
| Jordan | |
| Syria | |
| Iraq | |
| Iran | |
| Kuwait | |
| Southern Ocean | |
| Pacific Ocean | |
| Indian Ocean | |
| Atlantic Ocean | |
| Arctic Ocean | |
| Asia | |
| Africa | |
| Europe | |
| Australia | |
| Antarctica | |
| North America | |
| South America | |
| River Valley | the fertile land surrounding a river |
| Government | The institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies |
| Dynasty | A series of rulers from the same family |
| Chang Jiang | The longest river in Asia, flowing through eastern China. |
| Religion | a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny |
| Technology | Application of science to help people |
| Huang He | a major river of Asia in northern China |
| Shang Dynasty | one of the first Chinese dynasties, ruled from 1700 to 1122 B.C.E. |
| Stable Food Supply | There is enough food for all the people all the time |
| System of Writing | A means of keeping records or communicating. |
| Social Structure | a pattern of organized relationships among groups of people within a society |
| Arts & Architecture | expressed beliefs and values of people who created them |
| Civilization | A complex, highly organized social order represented by the seven characteristics of civilizaiton. |
| King | highest-ranking leader of a group of people |
| Noble | belonging to a hereditary class with high social or political status; aristocratic. |
| Trader | a person who buys and sells things as a job |
| Oracle Bones | The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. |
| Craftspeople | people who use special skills to make things |
| Social Classes | a division of a society based on social and economic status. |
| Clan | a group of related families |
| Ancestor Worship | religious practice of honoring the spirits of the dead |
| Chariot | A wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle |
| Logograph | a written character that represents a word |
| Human Sacrifice | a person who is killed as part of a religious ritual |
| Scholar | a learned person |
| Bronze | a mixture of copper and tin |
| Jade | shiny stone that comes in many shades of green |
| Economy | A system by which goods and services are produced and distributed |
| Farmer | a person who owns or manages a farm |
| Slave | A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people. |
| Zhou | The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. |
| Akkadian | "Semitic people" north of the Sumerian city-states;first empire |
| Old Kingdom | a period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC - build pyramids |
| Huang He | a major river of Asia in northern China |
| Babylonian | This empire was run by Hammurabi. He had a code of law which told people how to live. It was very strict. |
| Egypt | This early empire has its home along Africa's longest river, with a detailed form of writing. |
| Mohenjodaro | one of the first major settlements in ancient India that became a center of the Indus valley civilization |
| Indus | a river in Pakistan that flows into the Arabian Sea |
| New Kingdom | the period from about 1550 to 1050 BC in Egyptian history when Egypt reached the height of its power and glory |
| Middle Kingdom | the period of Egyptian history from about 2050 to 1750 BC and marked by order and stability |
| Neo-Babylonian Empire | the "new" Babylonian control over Mesopotamia after the Assyrians were defeated |
| Assyrian | Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt |
| Mesopotamia | A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. |
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