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Soc Paper 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why did Marx want sociology to be a science | so it would be believes |
| What two things are required to meet our material needs | means of production - labour relations of production - materials which make up the mode of production - capitalism |
| How does "capitalism sows the seeds of its own destruction" | Concentration of ownership leads to increased polarization of classes which will eventually collapse as the inequalities will become increasingly obvious. |
| Define alienation | We are no longer the ones who produce what we need - we do the same thing repetitively and it's boring |
| How did Gramsci see Marxism? | humanistic approach humans have free will and at some point will be unable to stand oppression any longer and so will overthrow it. |
| How did Althusser see Marxism? | Structural and determinist Capitalism will collapse when it's contradictions grow too great. |
| Craib | three interlocking systems in society that must be changed at once for proper change Ideological - worldview Political - Organisation Economic - production |
| Define hegemony (Gramsci) | the values and beliefs of the most powerful people dominating and influencing the less powerful |
| Who coined the term 'sociology' | Comte the positivist |
| What is a key feature of positivism | sociological research should be carried out in the same manner as the natural sciences= objective |
| Define Inductive Reasoning | Use of logic and structured methods to discover patterns of behaviour and society's laws |
| Define deductive reasoning | uses facts, rules and definitions/properties to reach conclusions |
| What do liberal feminists seek to achieve? | policy, legal and social change that promotes equality |
| Oakley on the difference between sex and gender | sex- biological/fixed gender- socially constructed differences/varies culturally |
| Equality law passed in 2010? | What year was the Equality Act |
| Equality law passed in 1969 | What year was the Divorce Act |
| Equality law passed in 1970 | What year was the Equal pay act |
| Equality law passed in 1975 | What year was the Sex Discrimination Act |
| How does Walby (1997) critise liberal feminists | offer no explanation for the overall structure of inequality |
| How do women serve capitalism according to Marxist Fems | women provide full time free cooking/cleaning work etc able to look after kids socialise kids into capitalism/ act as pacifiers for working men women are reserve army of labour |
| According to Radical feminists what is the main reason for inequality? | The Patriarchy |
| Define sexual politics | power relations between men and women where men attempt to dominate over women |
| What are Weber's 2 necessary factors that shape behaviour? | level of cause IE structural Level of meaning eg meanings individuals attach to things |
| What were the 4 types of action Weber understood people performing? | Instrumentally rational action Value rational action traditional action Affectual behaviour |
| Define Instrumentally rational action | The person tries to achieve the most efficient way of reaching a goal |
| Define Value rational actions? | when people pursue an immeasurable goal for desirability rather than logic eg praying to reach Heaven |
| Define Traditional Action | a customary or routine behaviour it is always done so not challenged such as a religious holiday |
| Define affectual behaviour | Emotional behaviour that is fundamentally irrational such as crying or violence |
| What are the benefits of Weber's theory? | It is broader and more encompassing than structural theories like Marxism use of verstehen |
| Define Verstehen | (Weber) to get a true picture of the subject, the researcher must let go of their own biases and put themselves in the subject's shoes. |
| Schultz (1972) on Weber | The theory is too individualistic and cannot explain the shared meanings of actions (we may also simply not know the meanings) |
| What were Mead's ideas | Individuals interact through symbols learnt through socialisation |
| What were Goffman's ideas? | Dramaturgical model we live our lives like a theatrical performance as we are actors constantly moving between characters for different audiences |
| What are the 2 key concepts of the dramaturgical model by Goffman? | Impression management: our presentation of a false image of how we want to be known Role gap:between our true selves and our performance. If the gap is too big it can cause damage (autistic masking) |
| What were Cooley's ideas? | Looking glass self=Individuals form their identities by internalising labels applied by others. this forms the self- concept |
| What is phenomenology | The concept that the world around it simply a product of our own minds |
| Schultz | Phenomenonology we are able to communicate because we share categories known as Typifications. |
| Garfinkle (1967) | Ethnomethodology Social order is accomplishment built by individual members. He studied this with Breaching Experiments such as attempting to haggle at a supermarket |
| Giddens structuration theory | through our actions we create structures and the structures make our actions possible. eg the Church |
| Define methodology | refers to methods used to collect data and also the philosophy underlying the production of sociological data |
| Define methodological pluralism | using a variety of methods/types of data in one study (increases validity) |
| Define triangulation | use of a variety of methods to cross check the results of one method. |
| define positivism | belief in social facts and objectivity use of quantitative methods |
| define interpretivism | implies people are conscious of their personal beliefs/actions/interpretations and how these influence how they act |
| define sociologist's viewpoint | the theoretical perspectives that the sociologist has, it will effect what they want to study and how. |
| What are the three concerns when planning a study | Practical issues Ethical issues Theoretical issues |
| Define value free | when your own personal views and bias do not enter your research. positivists love it but interpretitists hate it |
| Define value relevence | sociologists use their subjective feelings to identify a research topic and relevent concepts although the study itself must be objective according to Weber |
| Define value laden | researcher is weighed down by their own values - eg Plummer explored his own identity through the development of 'queer theory' |
| Define value committed | Becker- sociologists should be committed to their values such as giving a voice to the oppressed to bring social change. |
| What was the era before 1700 | pre englightenment |
| Era from 1700-1900 ish | enlightenment |
| era 1850 ish onwards | modernity |
| What era are we in now | late modernity or postmodernity |
| What are the key features of modernity | rise of nation states democracy urbanism individualism capitalism colonisation |
| Baudrillard on modernity | For some, their only interaction with the outside world is social media so it is this that shapes their worldview she called this the 'death of the social' |
| Define induction | Durkheim used this gathering large samples of statistics and finds trends or 'social facts' within them |
| Define the hypothetico deductive model | when the researcher (Durkheim amongst others) starts with a hypothesis they wish to prove correct |
| Lyotard | any belief theory that tries to build metanarratives or over-generalise is irrelevant because society is now too fragmented and there is no one accepted truth |
| Popper | believed in falsification theory. verificationism is impossible because we just find evidence to prove ourselves not wrong. the longer a theory stands without being proven wrong, the more accurate it is |
| What do Marxists argue about social policy? | it creates an image of the 'caring face' of capitalism. it makes it seem nice or just about bearable so people do to revolt. |
| How do feminists see social policy | As benefiting men at women's expense eg tax breaks for nuclear families |
| How do Functionalists see social policy | through objective research of society provides information that governments will base social policy on. |
| How do the new right feel about social policy | the state should have no involvement as it takes away freedoms and responsibilities |
| Murray | The welfare state gives 'perverse incentives' that encourage dependency culture so it's bad and the people should starve |
| Define the Hawthorne effect | People alter their behaviour when being observed |
| Define the comparative method | retains the main principles of the experiment but collects data on a range of different societies or groups it then compared them |
| Define random sampling | each individual in the survey population has an equal chance of being picked for investigation |
| Define systematic sampling | ppts are selected at regular intervals |
| Define stratified random sampling | the sampling frame is subdivided into groups eg bases on ethnicity a random sample is taken from each subdivision |
| Define Quota sampling | survey population is stratifies and interviewers find a quota of people who fit the criteria |
| Define snowball sampling | gets ppts to identify new ppts |
| What is the imposition problem | Similar to imposed etic- researchers run the risk of imposing their own biases on the interviewees a key issue with structured interviews or questionnaires |
| Scott (1990) | 4 criteria for establishing the value of public and private documents 1) Authenticity 2) Credibility 3) Representativeness 4) Meaning |
| According to Scott (1990), what does meaning refer to? | Do documents have the same meaning as when they were produced |
| According to Scott (1990), what does authenticity refer to? | is the document genuine or a forgery |
| According to Scott (1990), what does Credibility refer to? | Is the evidence believable, sincere and honest? |
| According to Scott (1990), what does representativeness refer to? | Is the document typical of those appearing at the time? |
| Define content analysis | Turning qualitative data into quantitative data by categorising it |
| What did Garfinkle mean by Idexicality | Ethnomethodology nothing has a fixed meaning; it is dependent on context |
| What did Garfinkle mean by reflexicality | We construct meaning and order by using common sense knowledge to interpret everyday situations eg sitting at a table or etiquette |
Created by:
abbey_ant
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