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History exam

TermDefinition
abolition the act of doing away with something, such as the Abolitionist movement in the 19th century to do eliminate slavery.
absolute advantage the ability of one country or company, using the same quantity of resources as another country or company, to produce a particular product at a lower absolute cost.
absolute monarchy a hereditary ruler controls all of the functions of government, for example, the tsars of Russia.
absolutism a system of government in which a monarch is the only source of power.
agrarian society a society in which people make a living from farming
alliances formal agreements among nations to cooperate and provide for their mutual defense.
amendments changes in or an additions to a constitution or law.
antitrust legislation laws passed by federal and state governments to prevent new monopolies and break up existing ones.
apartheid a policy that keeps races separate, such as in South Africa until 1989.
appeasement a policy of giving into an aggressor's demands in order to keep the peace.
assimilation being absorbed into or adopting characteristics of another culture
bias a perspective, preference, or inclination that inhibits impartial judgment.
blacklist a list of individuals or organizations that have incurred disapproval or suspicion or are to be boycotted or otherwise penalized; for example, suspected communists in the United States during the early 1950s.
buying on margin paying a fraction of the cost of an item; for example, the practice of buying stocks during the 1920s at a small fraction of their full price.
capitalism an economy in which private individuals own the means of production; a market economy.
circular flow model a diagram that shows the flow of economic activity among sectors of the economy.
civil rights a term used for acts of government that make constitutional guarantees a reality for all people.
clear and present danger a principle established by the Supreme Court that limits free speech if the words will bring about substantive evils
Cold War a term used to refer to the state of tension and hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union for four decades after World War II.
command economy an economy in which all decisions on production and consumption are made by a central government.
common good an effort by individuals to work together for the benefit of all.
communism an economy in which all the means of production are controlled by the government, a command economy.
comparative advantage the ability to produce goods or services at a lower opportunity cost than other individuals or countries.
conscientious objector an individual who on the basis of religious or moral principles refuses to bear arms or serve in the military.
constitution a body of fundamental laws establishing the principles, structures, and processes of a government.
constitutional a law or other governmental action that aligns with the provisions of a constitution.
constitutional monarchy a hereditary ruler has limits on his/her power; for example, kings and queens of Great Britain.
containment the post-World War II policy of the United States to limit communist expansion to areas already controlled by the Soviet Union.
credit the purchase of goods or services in the present with the promise to pay for them in the future.
critique a critical review or commentary.
cultural diversity having people of various cultural backgrounds in an area.
culture the totality of socially transmitted behavior patters, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought.
data factual information organized for analysis.
democracy a system of government in which political control is exercised by all the people, either directly or through their elected representatives.
depression a period of economic slowdown in which there is high unemployment, business failures, and the economy operates far below its capacity.
dictator a leader of country who has absolute power and authority.
disarmament the reduction of armed troops and weapons.
discrimination the unfair treatment of a person or group based on a variety of prejudices.
Enlightenment an historical period in the 18th century in which science and reason was applied to question traditional thinking about the world; provided new thinking about government and people's rights.
environment the totality of external physical and survival of organisms. conditions that affect and influence the growth, development,
equality a situation in which people have the same privileges, status, or rights.
exploitation taking advantage of other people for selfish purposes.
exports goods sold to other countries.
fascism a form of totalitarianism in which a nation is ruled by a dictator.
Federal Reserve System a national banking system, created in 1913, that controls the United State money supply and the availability of credit.
free enterprise individuals make economic decisions in market economy.
genocide the attempt to destroy a religious or ethnic group.
geographic movement the movement of people, products, and ideas from one part of the world to another
global economy the interconnections of the market that go beyond national boundaries.
globalization the act, process, or policy of making something worldwide in scope or application.
Great Depression the world-wide economic slowdown during the 1930s.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) the value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given year.
Holocaust the effort by the Nazis in Germany to eliminate Jews; 6 million Jews were killed.
immigration the movement of people to one region or country from another region or country.
imperialism a policy of stronger countries in taking economic, political, and social control over weaker countries.
imports goods purchased from other countries.
indigenous language the native language of a people in an area.
indigenous people population native to an area.
industrial society a society in which people make their living from the production of goods.
industrialization the transformation of a society from one based on farming to one based on the production of goods, usually associated with urbanization.
informational society a society in which people make their living from communications and providing related service.
infrastructure an underlying base or structure, for an organization or system.
interdependence being mutually dependent, for example, countries trading with each other become dependent on the products or goods received from the other country.
interest rates the percentage of a loan that must be repaid in addition to paying the principal.
international trade the exchange of goods between countries.
laissez-faire an economy in which government minimizes its interference.
libel false and malicious use of printed words that damage a person's reputation.
logical fallacies statements or arguments based on a false or invalid inference.
market economy an economy in which decisions on production and consumption are made by individuals acting as buyers and sellers.
McCarthyism the attacks, often unsubstantiated, by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being communists during the early 1950s.
migration the movement of people or animals from one country or region to another.
minorities cultural subgroups in a larger culture.
mixed economy an economy that combines features of more than one of the traditional, command, and market systems.
monarchy a system of government headed by a monarch (such as king, queen, shah, or sultan) whose position is usually inherited.
monetary policy a policy that that involves changing the rate of growth of the supply of money in circulation in order to affect the cost and availability of credit, the rates are established by the Federal Reserve System.
money anything used as a medium of exchange. multiple
perspectives being able to examine things from different points of view.
natural rights a belief that individuals are naturally endowed with basic human rights that cannot be taken away or given up.
Nazism the fascist regime of Adolph Hitler in Germany.
opportunity cost the value of the next best alternative given up when a choice is made.
parliamentary democracy a system of government in which the executive leaders (usually a prime minister and a cabinet) are chosen by and responsible to the legislature (parliament), as well as being members of the legislature, as in Great Britain.
perspective how one views something.
philosophes the Enlightenment thinkers.
political action group a special interest group that organizes to impact public policy.
post-industrialization the period after the industrial period in which service, information, and research grew important, generally considered to have begun in the latter part of the twentieth century.
presidential democracy a system of government characterized by a separation of powers between independent and coequal executive and legislative branches such as in the United States.
productive resources the resources used to make goods and services; for example, natural resources, human resources, and capital goods.
propaganda the spreading of ideas to promote a certain cause or to damage an opposing cause.
protectionism efforts to restrict imports in order to protect domestic industries.
quotas the maximum number of people or products that may be admitted to an institution or country.
recession a downturn in the business cycle during which the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) does not grow for at least 6 months.
reform an effort to improve a situation or condition
regions an area with one or more common characteristics or features, which give it a measure of homogeneity and make it different from surrounding areas.
regulation the act of controlling or directing according to rule, principle, or law.
reparations payment for war damages.
slander false and malicious use of spoken words that damage a person's reputation.
socialism an economy in which the government controls the major means of production; a mixed economy
source a person or document that provides information.
specialization the concentration of production on fewer kinds of goods and services than are consumed.
standard of living a person's or group's level of material well-being, as measured by education, housing, health care, and nutrition.
stereotype an oversimplified conception, opinion, or image.
subculture a minority group within the larger culture.
suburbanization the movement of people from the cities to communities surrounding the cities.
Supreme Court decisions legal determinations made by the highest court in the United States, sometimes determining the constitutionality of laws.
suffrage the right to vote.
tariffs taxes imposed on imported goods.
terrorism the use of violence to achieve political goals. theocracy (5B) a system of government headed by one or more religious leaders who claim to rule by divine authority.
thesis a proposition that is supported by an argument
topic the subject of a speech or research paper.
topography graphic representation of the surface features of a place or region on a map.
traditional economy an economy in which decisions on production and consumption are based upon customs, beliefs, rituals, and habits.
unstated assumptions supporting ideas that are not explicitly presented in a source.
urbanization the movement of people from rural areas to cities, usually associated with industrialization.
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