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CPUSH Term 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Prohibition (1920-1933) | during the Roaring Twenties, a nationwide constitutional law prohibited the sale of alcohol |
| Harlem Renaissance (approx. 1920-1930) | intellectual and cultural revival of African-American culture during the Roaring Twenties centered in New York City |
| flappers (1920s) | young women during the Roaring Twenties known for their energetic freedom; wore new hairstyles, fashion, and flaunted disdain for what was considered unacceptable behavior |
| speakeasy (1920s) | an illicit liquor store or nightclub during the Prohibition Era |
| bootlegger (1920s) | a person who made, distributed, or sold alcohol illegally during the Prohibition Era |
| NAACP (est. 1909) | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is the nation's oldest civil rights organizations, founded in New York in 1909 |
| President Warren G. Harding (p. 1921-1923) | republican president who embraced technology and was sensitive to the plights of minorities and women |
| President Calvin Coolidge (p. 1923-1929) | president who upheld a strong American economy and supported the old moral and economic principles |
| Black Tuesday (1929) | share prices in the New York Stock Exchange collapsed, inciting an economic depression throughout America and Europe |
| Great Depression (1929-1939) | economic depression following the Roaring Twenties that left American families out of jobs, homes, and meals; resulted in the government's attempt to influence the money supply and economy through welfare programs and institutions |
| President Herbert Hoover (p. 1929-1933) | republican president who instituted conservative policies to minimize the government's role in the economy |
| Hoover Dam (est. 1933) | project proposed by President Herbert Hoover to prevent floods and provide irrigation and a stable water supply to Los Angeles and southern California |
| President Franklin D. Roosevelt (p. 1933-1945) | assumed the presidency at the depth of the Great Depression and supervised American mobilization for World War II |
| Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) | first lady and chairwoman for the UN Commission on Human Rights; transformed the role of the first lady to a more involved one |
| New Deal (1933-1939) | programs established by FDR that set a precedent for the government to play a greater role in the economic and social affairs of the nation |
| Joseph Stalin (r. 1924-1953) | Soviet revolutionary who enacted harsh policies for industrial growth under Leninist doctrines; collectivized agriculture, effectively starving millions of Ukrainians, Russians, and other Soviet ethnic groups |
| totalitarianism | a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial, and attempts to control every facet of its civilians lives |
| Benito Mussolini (r. 1922-1943) | prime minister of Fascist Italy who strictly opposed socialism and was in cohorts with Nazi Germany during WWII |
| fascism | a far-right authoritarian government characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, military regime, fear tactics, the suppression of opposition, and a ranking system of civilians |
| Adolf Hitler (r. 1933-1945) | Nazi dictator who's regime was characterized by strict antisemitism, the unification of ethnically German states, and the attempted recovery of German dignity and economy after WWI and the Great Depression |
| Nazism | German brand of fascism influenced by violent antisemitism, racial superiority, and the strict adherence to the rule of law |
| Winston Churchill (p. 1940-1945 and 1951-1955) | led Britain to victory in the second world war and delivered powerful speeches to increase the morale of Allied troops |
| appeasement | diplomatic policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict |
| Pearl Harbor (1941) | Japanese attack on an American naval base in Hawaii; sparked the entrance of the United States into World War II |
| Rosie the Riveter | American cultural icon during World War II that encouraged the recruitment of women in factories and industry on the home front |
| A. Philip Randolph (1889-1979) | civil rights activist who founded the first African-American labor union and campaigned to end segregation/discrimination in the workplace and in the military |
| Korematsu v. United States (1944) | landmark decision by the Supreme Court to uphold the exclusion of Japanese-Americans during WWII |
| President Dwight D. Eisenhower (p. 1953-1961) | president who led the Allied forces during WWII and supervised invasions of North Africa and the D-Day attack at Normandy |
| D-Day (1944) | Allied operation in Normandy to liberate France from Nazi German control |
| Hiroshima & Nagasaki (1945) | two Japanese cities that the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on; incited the surrender of Japan and a swift end to World War II |
| Enola Gay (1945) | plane that dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| United Nations (est. 1945) | conference established after WWII to encourage diplomacy and negotiation over war |
| Nuremburg Trials (1945) | post-WWII trials that condemned representatives of the Nazi regime for war crimes and the invasion of other countries |
| President Harry S. Truman (p. 1945-1953) | president who made crucial decisions during WW2 and established federal reforms such as public housing, increased education aid, a higher minimum wage, federal protection for civil rights, and national health insurance |
| satellite nation | a country who is recognized as independent and sovereign but is still under heavy influence from a larger, stronger nation |
| Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) | Republican senator who advocated for the government to investigate supposed communists in the United States |
| iron curtain | the figurative barrier separating the capitalist Western bloc from the Soviet Eastern bloc |
| Cold War (1947-1991) | the period of hostility between capitalist America and the communist Soviet Union; encompassed the stockpiling of weapons, the arms race, and rising suspicions between the two parties |
| containment | the foreign policy pursued by the United States during the Cold War to prevent the spread of Soviet communism |
| Central Intelligence Agency (est. 1947) | agency founded during the Cold War to investigate the spread of Soviet communism; its tactics were at times controversial and were argued to violate the rights of Americans to freedom and privacy |
| Marshall Plan (1948) | foreign policy under President Truman that provided economic assistance to Western European nations post WWII to antagonize the communist Eastern European countries |
| Truman Doctrine (1947) | Truman provided economic assistance to countries threatened by Soviet communism, most notably, Greece and Turkey |
| Berlin Airlift (1948-1949) | the Allied delivery of supplies to Soviet-controlled east Berlin; transformed the German capital from a symbol of militarism and Nazism to one of democracy and freedom in the fight against Soviet communism |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (est. 1949) | security alliance of thirty North American and European countries to safeguard capitalism by political and military means |
| 38th Parallel | the dividing line between communist North Korea and capitalist South Korea that remains |
| Korean War (1950-1953) | proxy war in Korea between Soviet communist forces and capitalist American forces; foreshadowed later proxy wars like the Vietnam War |
| President John F. Kennedy (p. 1961-1963) | Cold War president who informed the American people of the Cuban Missile Crisis and was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, two years into his presidency |
| Bobby Kennedy (1925-1968) | JFK's attorney general and confidant who was a strong advocate for the implementation of civil rights legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
| domino theory | the theory that if one country fell to communism, others would follow; was a major motivation for America to enter the Vietnam War |
| President Lyndon B. Johnson (p. 1963-1969) | president who's term marked the peak of modern liberalism and who instituted a strong foreign policy of containment |
| Fidel Castro (1926-2016) | Cuban revolutionary who was closely connected with the communist Soviet Union; missiles pointed towards the United States were placed in Havana, igniting heavy suspicion |
| GI Bill of Rights (1944) | bill signed by FDR providing WWII veterans with college education, housing, and unemployment insurance |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott (1956) | protest campaign against the policy of segregation in public transit systems in Alabama, sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery |
| Levittowns | large suburban housing developments built using an assembly line |
| Great Society (1965) | President Johnson's agenda for education aid, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of repressed religions, fight against poverty, and suppression of crime nationwide |
| Medicare (est. 1965) | program established by President Johnson that provided federal health insurance for anyone over 65 |
| Medicaid (est. 1965) | program established by President Johnson that provided federal and state health insurance to low-income families |
| Woodstock (1969) | art and music festival held in New York City in 1969 that attracted over 400,000 young Americans |
| Muhammad Ali (1942-2016) | professional boxer and anti-war activist for pacifism; nicknamed "the greatest" and often regarded as one of the most prominent sports figures of the 20th century |
| National Organization for Women (est. 1966) | nonprofit feminist organization that aimed to end discrimination based on sex in the workplace, domestic sphere, and in social conversations |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | landmark decision by the Supreme Court that ruled segregation in schools unconstitutional, and had a detrimental impact on the academic confidence of African-American youth |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | act passed by Lyndon B. Johnson prohibiting discrimination based on race/ethnicity, religion, sex, or national origin |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | act passed by Lyndon B. Johnson outlawing discriminatory voting practices in southern states, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting |
| affirmative action | government policies that aimed to increase opportunities for marginalized or minority groups |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. Constitution protects an individual's right to terminate a pregnancy |
| Equal Rights Amendment (1972) | proposed amendment that would invalidate state laws discriminating against women |
| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (est. 1960) | |
| President Richard Nixon (p. 1969-1974) | |
| New Federalism | |
| Watergate (1972-1974) | |
| President Gerald Ford (p. 1974-1977) | |
| President Jimmy Carter (p. 1977-1981) | |
| Sandra Day O'Connor | |
| AIDS (approx. 1970s) | deadly outbreak in the 1970s amongst gay men and put gay men under public condemnation |
| Operation Desert Storm (1990-1991) | armed campaign waged by 39 countries, including the United States, in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait |
| President Ronald Raegan (p. 1981-1989) | |
| President George H.W. Bush (p. 1989-1993) | |
| Challenger Shuttle Disaster (1986) | in 1983, the space shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds into its flight, killing all seven passengers |
| Columbine (1999) | shooting at and attempted bombing of a Colorado high school in 1999, killing fifteen |
| President Bill Clinton (p. 1993-2001) | |
| Monica Lewinsky (1973- present) | |
| OJ Simpson Trial (1995) | |
| Hillary Rodham Clinton (1947-present) | |
| Newt Gingrich (1943-present) | |
| Contract With America (1994) | |
| North American Free Trade Agreement (1994) | agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that lifted tariffs to establish freer trade between North American countries |
| outsourcing | the contracting out of an internal business process to a third party organization |
| Vice President Al Gore (v.p. 1993-2001) | vice president to Bill Clinton and Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, losing to George W. Bush |
| President George W. Bush (p. 2001-2009) | |
| 9/11 (2001) | four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center by extremist group Al Qaeda |
| Osama Bin Laden (1957-2011) | founder of the Islamic extremist group Al Qaeda and coordinator of the 9/11 terrorist attacks |
| Al Qaeda | Islamic extremist group that coordinated the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon |
| Talban | Islamic extremist group that instituted strict theocracy in occupied areas and currently controls Afghanistan |
| USA Patriot Act (2001) | act signed by George W. Bush that allowed the FBI to conduct searches or wiretaps on American citizens without a warrant as a means to protect the United States from terrorism |
| Great Recession (2008) | |
| Housing Bubble (2000s) | |
| Troubled Asset Relief Program (2008) | program that helped to stabilize the collapsing financial system in the 2000s, and restart the markets that provided housing, mortgages, auto, student, and business loans |
| President Barack Obama (p. 2009-2016) | |
| Vice President Joe Biden (vp. 2009-2016) | |
| Colin Powell (s. 2001-2005) | first African-American secretary of state who joined the Bush administration in 2001 |
| Condoleezza Rice (s. 2001-2005) | first female African-American secretary of state and first woman to serve as national security advisor |
| Madeleine Albright (s. 1997-2001) | political scientist and first female secretary of state |
| Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) | also known as 'Obamacare,' this act established wider health insurance for more Americans |
| Benghazi (2012) | coordinated attack against two American embassies in Libya by the Islamic extremist group Ansar al-Sharia |
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