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NA History Terms
Definitions of key events in Native American Civil Rights. A level OCR history,
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Homestead Act (1862) | Created plots of land bought by U.S. settlers, resulting in over 20,000 settling on the plains by 1865. Severely reduced the land of Native Americans. |
| Pacific Railroad Act (1862) | Extended railroads across the plains, increasing settlement on Native American land and dividing buffalo herds. |
| Plains Wars (1862-68) | A series of conflicts fought over the Great Plains, resulting in a few tribal victories but mainly victories for the U.S. army. |
| Second Fort Laramie Treaty (1868) | Treaty between the Sioux and white settlers meant to bring peace. Sioux agreed to relocate to the Black Hills of Dakota. |
| Indian Appropriations Act (1871) | Stated that the federal government would stop treating Native Americans as an independent 'tribe, nation or power' and made them 'wards of the state'. |
| Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) | Native Americans defeated General Custer in battle in the plains. Affirmed the view the U.S. government had that tribes were 'savages'. |
| Dawes Act (1887) | Destroyed most reservations by allotting land to Native American families and selling remaining land to other buyers. By farming for 25 years they could gain citizenship, but land would be taken away if misused. |
| Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) | 200 starving and unarmed Sioux Indians (including Chief Sitting Bull) were killed by the army for practising the Ghost Dance. |
| Curtis Act (1898) | Ended the exemption of the 'Five Civilised Tribes' from the Dawes Act, causing the loss of 2 million acres of land. |
| Cherokee v. Hitchcock (1902) | Ruled that Congress continued to have the right to pass legislation that controls tribal actions/properties without the consent of the tribes. |
| Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903) | Ruled that Congress continued to have the right to revoke all treaties with tribes, as they were 'wards of the state'. |
| Society of American Indians founded (1911) | Inter-tribal pressure group that was formed to campaign for better healthcare and education. The party was split on assimilation and collapsed in the 1920s. |
| Indian Citizenship Act (1924) | Granted citizenship to all Native Americans and extended the right to vote to them. |
| Meriam Report (1928) | Report carried out by social scientists on reservations. Criticised the Dawes Act for failing to provide Native Americans with security. Recommended support for Native Americans and led to the Rhoads Reforms. |
| Rhoads Reforms (1929) | Indian Commissioner Charles Rhoads was appointed by President Hoover to put together a reform package based on the Meriam report. Off-reservation boarding schools were closed and medical facilities were provided. |
| Indian Reorganisation Act/Wheeler-Howard Act (1934) | Organised by John Collier and ended the allotment policy, while providing funding for reservation schools, hospitals and irrigation systems. Restored the right of tribes to practise their religion and tribal dances. |
| National Congress of American Indians founded (1944) | Formed by representatives of 50 tribes and worked to bring real improvement by absorbing Native Americans into society. It fought in the courts to challenge employment, education and the breaking of treaties. |
| Indian Claims Commission set up (1946) | Allowed tribes to reclaim land that was previously given to them in treaties. Initially set up for 5 years but lasted until 1978. Most tribes did not receive land but were instead offered compensation. |
| Harrison v. Laveen (1948) | Arizona supreme court case that stopped the state from depriving the right of Native Americans to vote using voter qualifications, although this did continue in other states. |
| Termination Policy (1953) | Native Americans were no longer wards of the state and were subject to the same laws as other citizens, ending the recognition of tribes and treaties. A relocation program was set up to lure many Native Americans away from reservations. |
| National Indian Youth Council set up (1961) | Pursued civil rights for Native Americans (notably fishing rights) by filing lawsuits and using legal action to protect them from land exploitation while ensure voting and religious rights. |
| Voting Rights Act (1965) | Ensured the 15th Amendment was passed into law. |
| President Johnson's 'Forgotten Americans' speech (1968) | Promoted Native American self-help and respect, including funding education for all ages. Part of his 'Great Society' theory. |
| American Indian Movement set up (1968) | A militant organisation fighting discrimination by patrolling police officers, leading to a decline in the arrest and imprisonment of young Native Americans. |
| Siege of Alcatraz (1969) | Led by Richard Oakes, Native Americans 'invaded' Alcatraz in order to highlight themselves in front of media. Hundreds visited the island and other movements started across the country. The last people left the island in June 1971. |
| Nixon denounces the Termination policy in a speech to Congress (1970) | Criticised the treatment of Native Americans in the mid-19th century and their lack of power due to poverty in the modern day. Claimed that Native American leadership was vital for progress. |
| Native American Rights Fund set up (1970) | Focused on reinstating tribes and sovereignty. Secured the supreme court decisions in the 1970s and 80s. |
| Occupation of Mount Rushmore (1972) | AIM established camps on the disputed burial grounds but were evicted. Other groups later tried to set up camps. |
| Indian Education Act (1972) | Gave a substantial increase of federal funding to Native American schools and closed boarding schools. |
| AIM takeover of Bureau of Indian Affairs (1972) | The 'Trail of Broken Treaties' caravan arrived in DC before the 1972 election. 1000 protesters marched peacefully but were without accommodation, so occupied the BIA offices. Violence broke out when they were evicted. |
| Oneida v. Oneida and Madison Counties (1974) | Gave the Oneida tribe the right to sue for their lands, allowing other tribes to make land claims. |
| Indian Self-Determination Act (1975) | Laid down the process for tribes to negotiate contracts with the BIA for responsibilities over health, education and social services (with federal funding). |
| Indian Education Assistance Act (1975) | Gave Native American parents greater involvement in their children's education through membership of school boards. |
| Fisher v. Montana (1976) | Gave tribal courts the right to decide on cases regarding the adoption of Native American children. Recognised tribal courts and secured the stability of Native American families. |
| American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978) | Gave Native Americans the right to practise religion and access sacred objects, as well as human remains. |
| Indian Child Welfare Act (1978) | Prevented the practice of social workers forcibly removing Native American children from their families. |
| United States v. Sioux (1980) | The Sioux were entitled to compensation of over $100 million for the Black Hills, but they declined. |
| Seminole v. Butterworth (1982) | Gave the Seminole the right to establish gambling enterprises on their lands, even when banned by state laws, giving tribes a greater jurisdiction over their land. |
| Charrier v. Bell (1986) | Allowed tribes to remove bodies from sacred burial grounds and resulted in over 30 states passing laws protecting burial grounds and remains. |
Created by:
Charlie_M
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