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North American Anth
North American Anthropology Questions midterm 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Archaic tradition that formed the foundation for Anasazi Culture is known to archaeologists as what? | The Oshara |
| What apparently happened to the Ancestral Puebloan peoples living in Mesa Verde communities after AD 1300? | They moved south and took up residence in Chaco communities and around the Rio Grande |
| Early Mogolion villages were typically located where? | On hilltops and bluffs |
| What was the reasoning for the locations of Mogolion villages? | It was for defense |
| In Chaco Canyon, what was one line of evidence that Pueblo Bonito did not have a large resident population? | The low number of burials |
| What is the signigicance of Fajada Butte in Chaco Canyon? | It has a petroglyph placed to mark the solstices and equinoxes |
| Name some cultures/materials associated with the American Southwest | Mimbres, Hohokam, Salado, Sinagua |
| Describe the parts of the "Upper Sonoran Agricultural Complex" | Squash, Maize, Pinto Beans. Kidney Beans |
| In addition to population pressure what is the most likely reason for the adoption of agriculture in the southwest and Northern Mexico. | Agriculture buffered the risk of poor hunting and gathering returns |
| The ball court and copper bells unearthed at the Snaketown site indicate what? | The Hohokam had trade relations with groups in mexico |
| Why do many professional archaeologists avoid pictographs and petroglyphs? | They are difficult to date and most interpretations about their meanings are speculative |
| What type of agriculture did the Olmecs use? | Slash and Burn |
| Monumental earthworks in North American are... | Present in various places by 3400 BCE |
| The culture of the Olmecs included what? | Maize cultuvation, Monumental Architecture, Calendrics, and writing |
| Why did Teotihuacan surpass Cuicuilco? | Cuiculico was trashed by a volcano |
| Features of Teotihuacan include wha? | The Avenue of the dead, The Pyramid of the sun, The Pyramid of the moon, and the Ciudadela |
| Monte Alban is the centerpiece of the valley of what? | Oaxaca |
| What is the name for a series of figures that are a major decorative figure of Monte Alban? | Danzantes |
| Name some major Mayan imports | Gold, Jade, and obsidian |
| Maya ceremonial centers in the Peten region collapsed over the course of the ninth century CE for reasons ultimately related to what? | Climate |
| What were some things that the Mayans inherited from the Olmecs? | The Long Count, The 52-year cycle, Slash and Burn Farming, Maize |
| Name some characteristics of the Postclassic Mesoamerican indigenous histories. | They often contain deliberate distortions for political purposes, They manifest highly contradictory accounts of the same event, They are written in both spanish and native writing systems, They use calendars that don't correlate to ours |
| Cholula was a competing center boasting what? | The largest pyramid in the Americas |
| Cacaxtla holds evidence of what? | Murals showing Maya connections |
| The two main island cities at the heart of the Aztec empire were what? | Tlateloco and Tenochtitlan |
| What was the legendary wandering ruler-priest of the Mesoamerican Postclassic Period known as? | Kukulkan/Quetzalcoatl |
| What were some common reasons for the aztecs to go to war? | Ritual Display, Political and economic expansion of the state, to get prisoners for sacrifice, and for personal advancement. |
| Battles between the Aztecs and the Tlazcalans were known as what? | The Flowery Wars |
| Mixtec craftsmen were well known for what? | Goldworking and brightly painted ceramics |
| Prehistoric Mayan settlements of the Yucatan obtained most of their water from where? | Open sinkholes in the limestone around them |
| This city emerged as the largest northern Maya center afther the classic period collapse of the Peten polities to the south | Chichen Itza |
| Between 600 and 800 CE, the nature of hunting and warfare in many parts of Eastern North America was changed by what? | The invention of the Bow and Arrow |
| Name some attributes of chiefdoms | The chief is not all-powerful, chiefs maintain support by the control and redistribution of food and other valuables, chiefdoms have two or more levels of integration, and they are more complex than tribes |
| How can we tell that Mississippian people were eating more maize than the people who came before them? | There are elevated levels of Carbon-13 (13) in their bones |
| Cahokia most likely reached a maximum population of how many people? | six thousand |
| At certain mississippian sites these features seem to have served the purpose of astronomical observation | Woodhenges |
| What are some features associated with the "Southeastern Ceremonial Complex"? | Effigy vessels and statuary, Warfare and ancestor worship, Engraved and embossed plaques plates and disks, the 'forked eye' Motif |
| Mississippian chronology has been confused by the use of terms to denote both periods and what else? | Culture types |
| The most distantly procured marine shell at Spiro Mounds came from as far away as where? | The Pacific Ocean |
| The Etowah site is an example of which Mississippian variant? | South Appalacian |
| The rank system of the Natchez had the effect of doing what? | slowly providing upward social mobility over the course of generations. |
| Epidemics in the American Northeast in general were delayed by what? | The absence of European children who carried germs that Native Americans lacked immunity towards |
| What characterizes graves at the Norris Farm site in western Illinois? | Evidence of violence suggesting endemic warfare |
| The Cheyenne, though not uniquely so, are a particularly interesting Native American Ethnic group in that ___________ | They underwent a series of radical subsistence changes over the period of a few hundred years |
| Name some tribes that were part of the League of Iroquois | Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida |
| Violent deaths, warfare, and the necessity of wooden palisades around villages in the forest of the Northeast increased during the 15th century as an indirect result of what? | The Little Ice Age |
| In what general region did the Siouan and Algonquian groups rely heavily on wild rice for subsistence? | The Great Lakes |
| The Iroquois practiced ______________ for subsistence and had a ___________ social organization. | maize agriculture, matrilineal |
| Generally speaking, Algonquian peoples are known to have emphasized which of the following as leadership qualities? | Sexual prowess and shamanistic ritual knowledge |
| Unlike most other Eastern Algonquian groups, the ___________ chiefdom of coastal Virginia relied on maize agriculture to fuel its emergence as a ranked political organization. | Powhatan |
| The League of Iroquois was created primarily for what reason? | as a solution to endemic warfare |
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