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History Study Guide
Study Guide for Semester Two
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| FDR’s main goals in fighting the depression | Relief, recovery, and reform. |
| Causes of the Great Depression | The stock market crash of 1929; the collapse of world trade due to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff; government policies; bank failures and panics; and the collapse of the money supply. |
| Years of the Great Depression | 1929 – 1939 |
| New Deal | A series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939. |
| Shanty Towns | A settlement of improvised buildings known as shanties or shacks, typically made of materials such as mud and wood. |
| What event brought an end to the Great Depression? | Mobilizing the economy for world war finally cured the depression. |
| Impact of Roosevelt’s fireside chats? | The fireside chats enabled Roosevelt to connect with Americans in an unprecedented way. |
| Why did voters vote for Roosevelt over Hoover? | Roosevelt emphasized working collectively through an expanded federal government to confront the economic crisis, a contrast to Hoover's emphasis on individualism. |
| Why was the New Deal a turning point in U. S. history? | The New Deal was responsible for some powerful and important accomplishments. It put people back to work. It saved capitalism. It restored faith in the American economic system, while at the same time it revived a sense of hope in the American people. |
| Holocaust | The genocide of European Jews during World War II. |
| How many Jews were killed during the Holocaust? | Approximately 6 million. |
| Other groups that were killed during the Holocaust | Jehovah's Witnesses, Roma (Gypsies), homosexuals, and people with disabilities. |
| What religious group was killed by Germans in Concentration Camps? | Jehovah's Witnesses and Jews. |
| Under German rule, before Concentration Camps, where were Jews forced to live? | In ghettos, poor urban areas occupied primarily by a minority group or groups. |
| Genocide | The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group. |
| What happened to Hitler in the end? | Died by suicide via gunshot on 30 April 1945 in the Führerbunker in Berlin after it became clear that Germany would lose the Battle of Berlin. |
| In addition to the gas chambers, how did Nazis kill the Jewish population of Europe? | They were shot and thrown into mass graves. |
| During the Holocaust, how were families separated? | They were seperated by those who were 'valuable' and those who were not. |
| What is the name for the laws that began to take away the rights of German Jews? | The Anti-Jewish Legislation. |
| Fascism | A mass political movement that emphasizes extreme nationalism, militarism, and the supremacy of both the nation and the single, powerful leader over the individual citizen. |
| Democracy | A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. |
| Blitzkrieg | An intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory. |
| Axis Powers | A military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. |
| Why did the United States decide to stay isolated from foreign affairs when WWII started? | They believed that World War II was ultimately a dispute between foreign nations and that the United States had no good reason to get involved. |
| Pearl Harbor events | On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the US naval base Pearl Harbor. The surprise attack by 350 Japanese aircraft sunk or badly damaged 18 US naval vessels, including 8 battleships, destroyed or damaged 300 US aircraft, and killed 2,403 men. |
| Why did Great Britain and France declare war on Germany? | In response to Hitler's invasion of Poland, Britain and France, both allies of the overrun nation declare war on Germany. |
| What event caused the U.S. to enter WWII? | The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. |
| Under what plan did the U. S. provided massive financial aid to rebuild European economies and prevent the spread of communism? | The Marshall Plan. |
| Capitalism definition and countries | An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Used by Singapore, New Zealand, Australia, Switzerland, Ireland, Taiwan, United Kingdom, Estonia, and the U.S. |
| Baby Boom | A period marked by a significant increase of births. This demographic phenomenon is usually ascribed within certain geographical bounds of defined national and cultural populations. |
| Similarities between the US and the Soviet Union during the Cold War | They both feared each other and tried to influence other nations. They built up their nuclear arsenals, then worked to limit them through treaties. Both established alliances for protection, and supported opposing sides in global conflicts. |
| Cold War time period | March 12, 1947 – December 26, 1991 |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | In 1962 the Soviet Union began to secretly install missiles in Cuba to launch attacks on U.S. cities. The confrontation that followed brought the two superpowers to the brink of war before an agreement was reached to withdraw the missiles. |
| A state of tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union without actual fighting | The Cold War |
| Why could Lincoln not carry out his plan of Reconstruction? | Many leading Republicans in Congress feared that Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction was not harsh enough, believing that the South needed to be punished for causing the war. |
| The war that created divisiveness among Americans throughout the 1960s | The Vietnam War. |
| How did women help in WWII? | More than six million women took wartime jobs in factories, three million volunteered with the Red Cross, and over 200,000 served in the military. |
| What kind of policy did Martin L. King, Jr., and other members of SCLC encouraged | Nonviolent protest. |
| Freedom Riders | Civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961. |
| Malcolm X | An American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement. |
| Sit-ins | Nonviolent movement of the U.S. civil rights era that began in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960. |
| Civil Rights and Martin Luther King, Jr. | King worked with NAACP and other civil rights groups to organize the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which attracted 250,000 people to rally for the civil and economic rights of Black Americans. There, King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. |
| Vietnamization | The US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam. |
| McCarthyism | The political repression and persecution of left-wing individuals and a campaign spreading fear of alleged communist and socialist influence on American institutions and of Soviet espionage in the United States during the late 1940s through the 1950s. |
| The Highway Act of 1956 | The Highway Revenue Act of 1956 proposed to increase the gas tax from two to three cents per gallon and to impose a series of other highway user tax changes. |
| The two nations divided at the 38th parallel | North and South Korea. |
| Watergate | A major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation. |
| How did Truman justified dropping the atomic bomb on Japan? | Japanese resolve stayed strong and the idea of an invasion of the Japanese mainland would produce thousands more American casualties. The Allies declared that the Japanese must surrender. After Japanese leaders rejected, Truman authorized the atomic bomb. |
| The Manhattan Project | A research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. |
| Communist definition and countries | A political and economic system that seeks to create a classless society in which the mines and factories are owned and controlled by the public. Used by China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, and North Korea (DPRK). |
| Dictatorial definition and countries | A form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. Used by Nazi Germany under Hitler and the Soviet Union under Stalin. |
| Socialist definition and countries | A sovereign state in which everyone in society equally owns the factors of production. Used by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), also known as the Soviet Union. |
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