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AP HUG Chapter 12+13
STUDY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Basic Business | a business that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement |
| Business Services | Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services |
| Central Place | A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area |
| Central Place Theory | A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and further apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a bigger population. |
| Clustered Rural Settlement | A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other, with fields surrounding the settlement |
| Consumer Services | Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure activities |
| Dispersed Rural Settlement | A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages |
| Economic Base | A community’s collection of basic industries |
| Enclosure Movement | The process of consolidating small land holdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the 18 th century |
| Food Desert | an area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has a poor access to a grocery store, defined in most cases as further than one mile |
| Gravity Model | A model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service |
| Market Area (Hinterland) | the area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services |
| Nonbasic Industries | Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community |
| Primate City | The largest settlement in a country, if it has twice as many people as the second ranking settlement |
| Primate City Rule | A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement |
| Public Services | Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses |
| Range (of a Service) | The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service |
| Rank-Size Rule | A pattern of settlements in a country such that the (n) th largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement |
| Service | Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it |
| Settlement | A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants |
| Threshold | The minimum number of people needed to support a service |
| Urbanization | An increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements |
| Annexation | Legally adding land area to a city in the United States |
| Carbon Capture and Storage | the practice of capturing waste CO2 transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally underground |
| Census Tract | An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods |
| Central Business District (CBD) | The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered |
| Central City | An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit |
| Combined Statistical Area (CSA) | In the United States, two or more contiguous core-based statistical areas tied together by community patterns |
| Concentric Zone Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings |
| Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) | In the United States, the combination of all metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas |
| Council of Government | A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States |
| Density Gradient | The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery |
| Edge City | A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area |
| Filtering | A process of change in the use of a house, from single family owner occupancy to abandonment |
| Gentrification | A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter occupied area to a predominantly middle class, owner occupied area |
| Informal Settlement | an area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures |
| Megalopolis | A continuous urban complex in the northeastern United States |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area | in the U.S., an area of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city |
| Micropolitan Statistical Area | an urbanized area between 10,000 and 50,000 population, the county in which it is located, and the adjacent counties tied to the city |
| Multiple Nuclei Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities |
| Peripheral Model | A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road |
| Primary Census Statistical Area (PCSA) | In the United States, all of the combined statistical areas plus all the remaining metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas |
| Public Housing | Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families’ incomes |
| Redlining | A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries |
| Rush Hour | The four consecutive periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic |
| Sector Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district |
| Smart Growth | Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland |
| Social Area Analysis | Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area |
| Sprawl | Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built up area |
| Suburb | a residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city. |
| Sustainable Development | development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
| Underclass | A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics |
| Urban Area | A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core |
| Urban Cluster | In the United States, an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants |
| Urbanized Area | In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants |
| Zoning Ordinance | A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community |
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