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History Test No.2
Chapters 19-23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who joined the Republican party and who joined the Democratic party in the years before 1900? | Republicans are activists, idealists & African Americans (the more $, the more likely they're Republicans). Democrats are southern whites, immigrants, Catholics & Jews. |
| What were the most important political issues facing the nation in the years between 1868 and 1896? | women..gold/silver/paper..women in politics (suffrage)..tariffs..minority rights..farmers..all others have risen, while farmers declined..Populists (farmers). |
| What were the party issues? | |
| What were the pseudo issues? | |
| What was the importance of the silver issue? | Free silver--expanding the amt. of money in circulation by coining more silver dollars..Farmers--more inflation of currency would raise crop prices and alleviate heavy debts. |
| What were the effects of the Depression of 1893? | Overseas buyers reduced their purchases of U.S. goods/investments...caused U.S. gold to leave the country to pay for securities...currency (supplies) dropped..stock market crashed..banks failed unemployment reached 20%...farming dropped even more. |
| Emergence of Populist Party | Alliancemen entered politics..w/success...gained control of a state legislature..elected U.S. senators from Kansas/Nebraska..Populist Party created..James B. Weaver (nominee). |
| Populist Party Platform | sub-treasury plan, income tax, free silver, government ownership of railroads, telephone, telegram. |
| What were the different means used to disfranchise voters in the South? | Literacy tests (Alabama) to prevent them from voting. Fraud (electoral fraud). Poll Taxes (to prevent blacks from voting). |
| What was the importance of the 1896 election? | Republicans win presidency..Populist Party disappeared..the attempt to unite farmers, labors, blacks/whites failed! Americans chose the conservative path. Gold Standard Act required all $ to be redeemable in gold. |
| Pendleton Act | established the U.S. Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal government employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called spoils system. The act provided for some government jobs to be filled on the basis of competitive exams. |
| Granger Laws | regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates and rebates and to address long- and short-haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers. |
| Munn v. Illinois | allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. |
| Wabash | severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. |
| Interstate Commerce Act | created the ICC..required that railroads publicize shipping rates and charge no more for short hauling than for long hauling. Railroads were also prevented from practicing price discrimination against smaller markets. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. |
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act | While not authorizing the free and unlimited coinage of silver that the Free Silver supporters wanted, it increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month. |
| Farmers' Alliance | adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers after the Civil War..designed to promote higher commodity prices through collective action by groups of individual farmers. |
| William Jennings Bryan | Democrat--President Nominee 1896,1900,1908...secretary of state under President Wilson. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal". |
| Jim Crow Laws | They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans. |
| Ida B. Wells | civil rights movement..women's suffrage movement. |
| What were the most compelling economic arguments for imperialism in the Victorian age? | economic, power, religion, military, social Darwinism, trusteeship, jingoism, American exceptionalism (advancing Democracy), distractions from domestic troubles. |
| Which were the world's leading imperialist nations? | |
| Besides economics, what other causes led the U.S. to seek an empire? | Manifest Destiny & Social Darwinism (American exceptionalism). |
| How did Hawaiian annexation favor American interests? | Pearl Harbor...McKinley Tariff removed all tariffs on foreign sugar and protected domestic sugar producers by awarding American sugar a bounty of 2 cents per pound. |
| Why did the United States go to war with Spain in 1898? | No simple explanation, but Economics & Imperial Ambitions played a part...concerns for the suffering of others. Blowing of USS Maine..Cuban revolt (sugar tariff)..Gen. Valeriano's concentration camps.. Yellow Journalism. |
| What changes occurred as a result? | U.S. annexed Puerto Rico, Guam, Guantanamo Bay & Philippines..Platt Amendment..Open Door Policy..U.S. assumes world power status..White Supremacy status. |
| Describe America's empire: | Americans achieved a new sense of confidence..growth of Presidential power...Presidents concluded that the U.S. should be a world power..President now guided nation. |
| Josiah Strong | He was a founder of the Social Gospel movement that sought to apply Old Light religious principles to solve the social ills brought on by industrialization, urbanization and immigration. |
| Samoa | Tripartite Convention partitioned the Samoan Islands into 2 parts: the eastern island group became a territory of the United States and is today known as American Samoa; the western islands2 |
| Alfred T. Mahan | "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century."..His ideas on the importance of nautical tactics influenced navies all around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. |
| New Navy | At the beginning of the 1880s, a few naval officers were raising the alarm about the vulnerability of the nation, but were criticized or ignored. But by 1897 the Navy included a half-dozen large modern warships, with more on the way. |
| New Navy | Increasing interests in overseas locations, including Samoa and Central America, and the awareness that other countries were building up their navies provided additional impetus. (Chicago, Boston, and Atlanta) |
| The Maine (February 15, 1898) | catastrophic loss in Havana harbor. Maine had been sent to Havana, Cuba to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain. suddenly exploded, and swiftly sank, killing nearly three quarters of her crew. |
| Dupuy de Lome | Spanish ambassador to the United States. Through the so-called De Lôme Letter, he defamed U.S. President William McKinley, an act which eventually contributed to the Spanish-American War. |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | independence leader of Chinese-Spanish descent. Instrumental role in Philippine independence during the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the Philippine-American War that resisted American occupation. Pledged his allegiance to the US government. |
| Teller Amendment | It placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people." |
| Platt Amendment | replacing the earlier Teller Amendment. The amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba since the Spanish-American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. |
| Platt Amendment | The Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. |
| Boxer Rebellion | was an anti-imperialism, anti-Christian movement by the "Righteous Harmony Society".. |
| Open Door Policy | John Hayes sends note to China stating that they'd be better off as an open door (anybody can trade w/ them). Hayes announces that note is approved..Tension build w/ China. |
| Who writes the Open Door Policy? | John Hayes.. secretary of state to McKinley. |
| Yellow Journalism | Eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers. Deceives the audience it is intended for. It may feature exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, sensationalism, or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists. |
| Rough Riders | President William McKinley called upon 1,250 volunteers to assist in the war efforts..Spanish-American war (only ones to see action). |
| Who led the Rough Riders? | Theodore Roosevelt |
| Queen Lil | Queen of Hawaii..Threatened by the queen's proposed new constitution, American and European businessmen and residents organized to depose Liliʻuokalani, asserting that the queen had "virtually abdicated" by refusing to support the 1887 Constitution. |
| Queen Lil | American and Europeans actively sought annexation to the United States so that their business might enjoy the same sugar bounties as domestic producers. |
| Queen Lil | Business interests within the Kingdom were also upset about what they viewed as "poor governance" of the Kingdom, as well as the U.S. removal of foreign tariffs in the sugar trade due to the McKinley Tariff. |
| "Progressive Generation" | wanted change..better working condition..elimination of corruption..no alienation..enlarge opportunities for the common person..better distribution of income..purification of parties..strengthening the state (govt.) |
| How did the industry change after 1900? | people began reading about the truth of big companies..leading to acts/reforms..better city-management..increased direct democracy..worker's compensation..child labor laws..prohibition..Jim Crow Laws..schools/bathroom/drinking fountains. |
| Changes in immigration between 1900 and 1920? | Middle class women (blacks) were active in progressivism..women wanted a say..growing black middle class, and the # of educated women increased..NAACP. |
| How were Progressive reforms carried out at the local level? | During Galveston storm! City-manager type of govt. Women joining reform..city workers trained to make sure city works..petition for dairy men to clean utters (cow milk). |
| Progressive reforms carried out at state level? | increased direct democracy..increases state services/social control..worker's compensation..graduated income tax..child labor laws..railroads..public facilities..prohibition..Jim Crow Laws. |
| Four goals of Progressive Reform? | Social Justice. Municipal Reform. Minorities. Women. |
| What were the contributions of Roosevelt to the Progressive Movement? | govt. should be run by competent people..industrialization had created the need for govt. action..sponsored a Nat. conservation congress (w/ Pinchot)..Hepburn Act..trust-buster..Panama Canal. |
| Contributions of Taft to the Progressive Movement? | Succeeded Roosevelt..breaks up Standard Oil Co. Breaks up Tobacco Co, Newlands Act..better trust buster than Roosevelt..fires Pinchot (not a friend of conservation)..separates Dept. of Commerce/Labor into 2. Enforces 8-hr wkday for govt. employees. |
| Contributions of Wilson to the Progressive Movement? | "New Freedom"..Federal Reserve Act. 16th Amdt. 17 Amdt. Underwood Tarrif. Trade Commissions act. Clayton Anti-Trust Act. Keating Owen Act. 18 Amdt. 19 Amdt. Federal Loan Act. Adamson Act. Federal Hwy Act. Lafayette Seamens Act. |
| 16th Amendment: | established federal income tax. |
| 17th Amendment: | direct election of senators. |
| 18th Amendment: | Prohibition. |
| 19th Amendment: | women gain the right to vote. |
| Henry Ford | founder of Ford Motor Co. Model T automobile! |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire | March 25, 1911. 100 shirtwaist makers (young immigrant women) died in the fire that broke out on the 8 floor of the factory or jumped. Many were unable to escape because the doors on floors had been locked to prevent them from stealing or taking breaks. |
| WTUL (Womens Trade Union League) | organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions. |
| Sheppard-Towner Act | providing federal funding for maternity and child care. |
| Social Gospel | a late 19th and early 20th century Protestant Christian intellectual and social movement which applied progressive Christian ethics to dealing with social issues. |
| Walter Rauschenbusch | He was a key figure in the Social Gospel movement in the USA. |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | NAACP founder. |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
| National Urban League | is a nonpartisan civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States. |
| WCTU | Woman's Christian Temperance Union. |
| NACW | National Association of Colored Women |
| NAWSA | Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony proposed a new suffrage organization, to push for equal rights for both African Americans and women, and especially to work for universal suffrage, the right to vote given to all people. |
| Muller v. Oregon | it justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period. |
| muckrakers | journalist, author or filmmaker who investigates and exposes political and/or social corruption. |
| The Jungle | Upton Sinclair. highlight the plight of the working class and to remove from obscurity the corruption of the American meatpacking industry during the early-20th century. |
| The Jungle | harsh tones the poverty, absence of social programs, unpleasant living and working conditions, and hopelessness prevalent among the working class, which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption on the part of those in power. |
| Square Deal | President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. |
| Square Deal | It aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking the plutocracy and trusts while at the same time protecting business from the extreme demands of organized labor. |
| Elkins Act | strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission of 1887 by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them. |
| Hepburn Act | gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates which led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers. |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicines. |
| Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy | dispute between U.S. Forest Service Chief Gifford Pinchot and U.S. Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles Ballinger that contributed to the split of the Republican Party before the 1912 Election. |
| Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy | helped to define the U.S. conservation movement in the early 20th century. |
| New Nationalism | Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election..The central issue he argued was human welfare versus property rights. |
| New Freedom | Woodrow Wilson which promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters. |
| How did the U.S. become involved in WW1? | due to the sinking of the Lusitania..4 neutrality period..U-Boat sinks passenger ship..Sussex Pledge..Unrestricted warfare..change in Russian govt...Zimmerman Telegram. |
| How did the U.S. mobilize the war? | selective service act--23 million registered, 3 million drafted..2 million served. |
| What were the consequences for civil liberties? | Black Americans wanted equal status as whites..500,000 African Americans traveled to the north to the land of hope..Chicago employed 10,000 blacks..20% of the workforce..Northern whites opposed..Middle-class whites feared changes in racial composition. |
| 14 points? | 1.abandonment of secret diplomacy 2.freedom of the seas 3.elimination of economic barriers 4.reduction of armies 5. self-determination for colonial people 6-13 boundaries of Europe 14. league of nations |
| Treaty of Versailles? | France wanted to punish Germany ... did not allow Russia to participate. Wilson's 14 pts. called for freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, and self-determination. Wilson accepts treaty in hopes of a league of nations. |
| First year of "peace" | 1919..Wilson knew senate would not ratify treaty..delivered 32 speeches in 33 days, and resulted paralyzed from 1/2 his body..wife ran govt. |
| Changes for women and minorities as a result of U.S. entry into war? | Women working men job while they're at war..8 hr. wkday and right to organize labor unions. |
| How did war alter American life? | tests were given to see where men were "fit" (skilled wise)...favored men who were schooled..Native-born whites who passed academic skills, achieved highest scores, while immigrants scored lowest. |
| Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted a right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. |
| Dollar Diplomacy (Taft) | to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries. |
| Red Scare | Anarchist and left-wing political violence and social agitation aggravated extant national social and political tensions. |
| Espionage Act | It prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, support America's enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination inteh military, or interfere with military recruitment. |
| Sedition Act | forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. |
| New Urban Culture? Women? | authors wrote about mediocre America..about how the U.S. was a wasteland..New women are becoming prostitutes and participating in bars/sport bars...Sex! Women are taking up professional jobs/occupations..contraceptives..automobile (portable bedrooms). |
| Revolt against Modernism? | country against citizen; native against immigrant; protestant against Jewish/catholic..prohibition/organized crime..scopes trial..organized labor..National Origins Act. |
| Stock Market Crash 1929? | $2500 income necessary to support family..$2000 or less is what people were making..wages for miners, transportation, and manufacturing fell...most immigrants lived in extreme poverty..farm prices decline even more..Farmers are deeply in debt. |
| Margaret Sanger | contraceptives...wanted the country to be well informed...wanted to make contraceptives public! |
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