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Sociology
sociology terms :(
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Determinism | the degree to which an individual's behaviour, attitude, and other personal characteristics are determined or caused by a certain factor. |
| Agency | The exercise of free will. Involves personal choice above and beyond the call of nature or nurture |
| Frueds 3 stages of Personality Development | 1) ID- governed by drives and needs 2) Ego- rational, controls the ID 3) Superego- the conscience |
| Anticipatory socialization | the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles |
| Social Devaluation | considered to have less social value than others |
| What challenges will agents of socialization face as technology continues to develop | technological innovation |
| Social structure | the stable pattern of social relationships that exists within a particular group or society. Connects us to larger society. Is composed of all groups and the relationships among these groups |
| Status | a recognized social position an individual occupies. Characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties. Can occupy several at the same time |
| Ascribed status | An involuntary social position or one over which we have no control over. Often assigned at birth |
| Achieved status | A voluntary social position gained through choice, merit, or effort |
| Social Mobility | Affects the degree to which a status is ascribed or achieved |
| Master Status | Most important status a person can occupy. Dominates all other statuses and is what determines our social position whether we want or not |
| Status Symbols | Material symbols or indicators of our status |
| Roles | Sets of behavioural expectations and attitudes associated with given statuses |
| Role Strain | Occurs when incompatible demands are within a single status that a person occupies. Working extremely hard and getting paid poorly |
| Role Conflict | Occurs when incompatible demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time. Expecting to study and work when one is a student and employee |
| Role Distancing | When people are in roles that are inconsistent with their self-concepts. Use techniques to distance themselves from the role |
| Role Exit | Occurs when people leave roles the have been crucial to their identity. Happens in 4 stages: 1) Doubt 2) Search for alternative 3) Turning Point 4) New identity |
| Why does homelessness occur? | Results from social factors such as poverty, changes in housing markets, and growing rates of unemployment |
| Relative homelessness | Individuals who are housed but reside in substandard shelter and/or may be at risk of losing their homes. |
| Marginality | Living on the margins of society. Partially in and out of society. Often result of stereotypes associated with stereotypes |
| Stigmatization | Result and cause of marginality. Involves disqualifying a person from full social acceptance based on physical or social attributes |
| Aggregates | Made up of two or more people. Might have similar goals. Limited interaction and/or independence. No "true" group identity |
| Social groups | Two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of independence |
| Primary Group | Small, less specialized groups with emotional ties |
| Secondary Group | Larger, more specialized groups that are more impersonal and goal orientated |
| Ingroups | Groups to which a person belongs. Sources of one's sense of identity. Might be formal or informal boundaries. |
| Outgroup | exclusion |
| Reference Groups | Influence behaviours and social attitudes because we evaluate ourselves in comparison to these groups. Can have more than one and don't need to be a member to be affected. Can be positive or negative. |
| Networks | Webs of social relationships that link one person to another person and so on. Connect people who might not normally interact, but share a common interest |
| Small World Syndrome | Milligrams letter experiment. The spread of aids |
| Social Institutions | Set of organized beliefs and rules that establish how a society will attempt to make its basic social needs. Social institutions determine the socially acceptable, standardized ways of doing things |
| Traditional | The family, Religion, Education , The economy, Politics |
| Emergent | Mass media, sports, Science & Medicine, Military |
| Norms | Expectations are what we anticipate people will do. Prescriptions are the formal rules. Crimes are violations of prescriptions that have been formalized into laws |
| Settings | Behaviour must take place in a social context to be considered deviant or criminal |
| Sanctions | These are what a social group uses to punish people who violate its norms |
| Social controls | Informal and formal systemic practices or mechanisms used to deter deviance and get people to conform |
| 3 categories of deviance | 1) Behavioural deviance- involves actions 2) Deviance based on expressing radical or unusual beliefs 3) Deviance due to specific personal characteristics or conditions that one is born with or acquires |
| Why is deviance hard to define? | Because it does not become deviance until it is socially defined as such |
| Street Crime | This includes violent property and moral crimes |
| Organized Crime | Business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit. Although involved in illegal activity, there is a definite link between these crime groups and legitimate business |
| Political Crime | The government acts unethically or illegally or others act unethically or illegally to undermine or overthrow the government |
| White Collar Crime | Occupational: concerns crimes that are committed by people through their employment or financial dealings Corporate: crime involves illegal activity that is carried out by employees on behalf of a corporation with its support |
| 5 ways society finds out about crimes | 1) Media 2)Uniform Crime Reporting Surveys 3) Court Statistics 4) Victimization Surveys 5) Self-Report Surveys |
| 3 things crime rates are influenced by | 1) Police response to crime 2) A growth in police force strength 3) Changes in the law |
| Traditional Definition | A group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children |
| Modern Definition | Families are relationships in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit, care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group |
| Household | Simple Household: Consists of unrelated (by blood) adults with or without children Complex Household: Includes two or more adults who are related but not married to each other and hence could reasonably be expected to live separately |
| Family of Orientation | The family into which one is born and is initially socialized |
| Family of Procreation | The family that one forms by adopting or having children |
| Nuclear Family | One or two parents with dependent children who live apart from other relatives |
| Extended Family | Parents, children, and other relatives (i.e. grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins) who live in the same household |
| Marriage | A legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity |
| Monogamy | A marriage between two partners |
| Polygamy | A marriage to two or more persons at the same time |
| Polygyny | A man who is married to two or more women simultaneously |
| Polyandry | A woman who is married to two or more men at the same time |
| Kinship rights been traced | Patrilineal: Tracing descent through the father’s side of the family Matrilineal: Tracing descent through the mother’s side of the family, but women do not inherit Bilateral: Both mother’s and father’s side are traced |
| 5 reasons Canadians marry | 1) Our concept of romantic love 2) Desire for companionship 3) Need for legitimate atmosphere to have children 4) Social pressure 5) A need to escape a bad situation |
| Homogamy | Marrying those who have similar characteristics such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class |
| How many Canadian marriages end in divorce? | 35%-40% |
| Macro level causes of divorce | The liberalization of divorce laws. Some religions now have a more lenient attitude toward divorce. The social stigma attached to divorce has lessened.There is less economic and emotional dependence on other family members. |
| Micro level causes of divorce | Marrying too young.Not knowing each other long enough before marriage.Living together prior to marriage.A lack of economic resources or financial support. |
| Heterosexism | An attitude in which heterosexuality is considered the only valid form of sexual behavior, and gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals are considered inferior to heterosexual people |
| Same-sex parenting impact on children | Children are as well adjusted as children in other families. They show no psychological damage.Children of same-sex families are more tolerant of diversity and are no more likely to be homosexual than children raised by heterosexual parents |
| Why Is It Challenging to get an accurate picture of family violence? | It only comes to the attention of official agencies |
Created by:
haileyfruhstuk
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