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SOC 105

Ch. 3

TermDefinition
Reasons for global inequality degree of geographic isolation, climate, overpopulation, existence of natural resources, effect of power by powerful dominated poor nations and exploiting them
World population increase causes a strain on... food, water, and medicine along with encroachment on environment causing climate change, soil depletion, and limited freshwater
Where is the current population growth occurring most? in less-developed nations
Strong inverse relationship between per capita GNP (gross national product) and... population growth; this relationship is a consequence of differential fertility
Differential fertility differences in the average number of children born to a woman by social category
Fertility rate average number of births per women
3 ways to reduce fertility economic development, family-planning programs, and social change
Modern demographic transition a 3-stage pattern of population change occurring as societies industrialize and urbanize resulting ultimately in a low and stable population growth rate
Stages of modern demographic transition agricultural stage, transition stage, later stage
Agricultural stage of modern demographic transition birth and death rates are high, low population growth
Transition stage of modern demographic transition high birth rates, decreased death rates due to more effective medicines, improved hygiene, safer water, and better diets; results in population explosion, many nations currently in this stage
Later in the process of modern demographic transition societies have become more urban and traditional customs have less of a hold, decline in birth rate which slows and eventually stops population growth; focuses on "critical cohort" or those under the age of 20
What is the most significant social change that needs to occur to reduce fertility? changes in the role of women
Poverty living on less than $1.90/day (adjusted for inflation)
Life chances the chances throughout one's life cycle to live and experience good things in life; there is a maldistribution of this between developed and developing nations
Factors contributing to shrinking productive land worldwide/lack of food loss of topsoil, irrigationsystems draining water tables, air pollution & use of chemicals, rising concentration of greenhousegases, land conversion, meat consumption, conversion of crops to fuel, population increases in poor areas, natural disasters
Monopoly control of land focuses on... profits, not supplying local basic food needs
The problem of food scarcity lies in ... the social organization of food production and distribution
Solution to hunger construct new forms of social organization capable of meeting the needs of the masses
Chronic malnutrition and lack of safe drinking water results in... disease and sickness
Pandemic a worldwide epidemic
Modern slavery not a lifelong condition; sometimes individuals and families become slaves by choice due to poverty; loss of freedom, exploitation of people for profit, and the control of slaves through violence or threat
How does modern slavery differ from that of the past? not a lifelong condition (people usually freed or no longer useful), individuals and families sometimes become slaves by choice due to extreme poverty and work until they are out of debt
Megacities an urban population of more than 10 million people
Problems with megacities damages and overwhelms infrastructure, difficulty in finding jobs, mushrooming of squatter settlements called shantytowns
Why are nations underdeveloped? due to geography, climate, lack of arable land and minerals, history of continuous warfare, and the power of rich nations
Colony a territory controlled by a powerful country that exploits the land and the people for its own benefit; destroyed the cultural patterns of production and exchange by which these societies once met the needs of the people
What does colonialism promote? a 2-class society by increasing land holdings among few and landlessness among many
Transnational corporations a profit-oriented company engaged in business activities in more than one nation; tend to locate in poor countries
Why do poor countries not benefit from transnational corporations profits generated don't stay in the country, global companies don't have a great impact in easing unemployment in poor nations due to advanced technology, corporations typically hire workers from a narrow segment of the population
Advantages of global corporations over local competition when moving into an underdeveloped country access to latest technology in information technology, machinery, or genetic engineering, better terms when borrowing money, manipulation of the market, influence over local govt. officials, and control of workers
2 controversial activities of transnational corporations arms sales which fan flames of war, cause U.S. to become an informal global shopping center for terrorists, mercenaries, & international criminals, & sells arms to countries who violate human rights; corporate sales that endanger life (corporate dumping)
Corporate dumping the exporting of goods that have been either banned or not approved for sale in the U.S. because they are dangerous
Corporate dumping is undesirable for three reasons: poses serious health hazards to the poor and uninformed consumers of the developing world, disregard for workers and consumers in foreign lands contributes to anti-U.S. feelings in host countries, & many types of corporate dumping have a boomerang effect
2 major problems with countries pledging more resource targeted for development aid rich nations have failed to meet this obligation and this type of aid is often not helpful as it benefits powerful domestic interest groups and does little for those in need
Wealthy nations can provide humanitarian aid to developing nations with 3 conditions it is truly humanitarian and not military aid, aid reaches intended targets, not elite, and governments in impoverished nations have sensible plans for using the new resources
Created by: kkade
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