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AA History Terms
Definitions of key events in African American Civil Rights. A level OCR history,
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 13th Amendment (1865) | Abolished slavery. Involuntary servitude only legal for a crime. |
| Freedmen's Bureau (1865-72) | Provided food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land to former slaves. |
| KKK founded (1865) | Formed in Tennessee by a former Confederate General. Led to lynching of African Americans by former Confederate soldiers. |
| First Reconstruction Act (1867) | Confederate states divided into military districts. New state constitutions were formed by elected delegates of any race. |
| 14th Amendment (1868) | All persons born on U.S soil are American citizens. No state can pass a law that will deny anyone's rights as a citizen. Citizens are entitled to the 'due process of law'. |
| 15th Amendment (1870) | Prevented the denial of a citizen's right to vote by a state on account of race. |
| Second Enforcement Act (1871) | Overturned state laws which prevented African American's from voting. Provided federal supervision. |
| Third Enforcement Act (1871) | Made it illegal for two or more people to conspire to deprive the rights of other citizens. Also known as the KKK act. |
| Civil Rights Act (1875) | All citizens were entitled to 'the full and equal enjoyment of the advantages and privileges of public places'. |
| Hayes-Tilden Compromise (1877) | In a deal to become President, Hayes agreed with southern 'dixiecrats' to remove federal troops from the south. |
| Tennessee segregated rail introduced (1881) | Enforced segregation in train cars (often with unequal quality). Resulted in widespread development of Jim Crow laws. |
| United States v. Harris (1883) | Ruled the 1875 Civil Rights Act unconstitutional on the basis that a law cannot restrict a state. |
| Booker T Washington's 'Atlanta compromise' speech (1895) | Argued the 'cast down your bucket' strategy for African Americans. Advocated for economic over political progression. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Established the 'separate but equal' doctrine of segregation, and showed that segregation was not unconstitutional. |
| William v. Mississippi (1898) | Ruled all white juries constitutional, therefore legalising voter restriction. |
| William du Bois publishes 'The Souls of Black Folk' (1903) | Opposed Washington's view and advocated for protest instead of accomodation. |
| NAACP set up (1909) | Encouraged African Americans to vote. Used legal action as a gateway to Civil Rights with Thurgood Marshall winning several court cases. |
| UNIA set up by Marcus Garvey (1912) | Promoted Pan-Africanism and gained international support. Increased black pride and supported working class blacks. |
| 'The Birth of a Nation' released (1915) | Glorified the Confederacy and the KKK. Led to a revival of the KKK, supported by President Woodrow Wilson. |
| William du Bois organises a protest march in New York (1917) | Protested segregation in the Wilson Administration, but was ineffective. |
| New Deal (1933) | Financial packages to revive the U.S. economy after the Great Depression. Led to some poverty relief for African Americans, but some organisations led to unequal and segregated work. |
| Executive order 8802 - Roosevelt (1941) | Banned discrimination in the Defence industry based on race. |
| CORE set up (1942) | Organised to protest against segregation in northern cities. Had mixed race support. |
| Smith v. Allwright (1944) | Ruled that African Americans could not be excluded from party primaries. |
| CORE freedom rides (1947) | CORE used interstate bus travel to protest bus segregation. Faced violent opposition from the KKK. |
| Executive order 9981 - Truman (1948) | Desegregated the armed forces. |
| Brown v. Topeka Board of Education (1954) | Ruled the African Americans could attend white schools. Legally ended the 'separate but equal' doctrine/ |
| Montgomery bus boycott (1955-6) | Organised by Martin Luther King Jr. Resulted in the desegregation of buses in Montgomery. |
| Murder of Emmet Till (1955) | Murdered in Mississippi by white nationalists, who were acquitted weeks later. |
| MLK sets up the SCLC (1957) | Set up to co-ordinate a non-violent approach to desegregation. Worked with white supporters. |
| Little Rock (1957) | 9 African American students entered Little Rock High School and faced opposition from white nationalists and the Arkansas national guard. Truman sent in the 101st Airborne Division to protect them. |
| Civil Rights Act (1957) | Declared that preventing a person from voting is a federal crime. Set up the Civil Rights Commission. |
| Greensboro Four lunch counter sit in (1960) | Sit in to protest segregation in public facilities. Faced violence from white protestors. |
| Boynton v. Virginia (1960) | Desegregated interstate bus transport. |
| CORE freedom rides (1961) | Freedom ride from Washington DC to the south to test the Boynton v. Virginia decision. Bus hijacked by white supremacists in Birmingham. |
| Murder of Medgar Evans (1962) | Civil rights leader who worked on the Emmet Till case assassinated by a white supremacist. |
| March on Birmingham (1963) | SCLC protest which faced violent backlash from police chief 'Bull' Connor and the KKK. Led to President Kennedy declaring segregation unconstitutional. |
| March on Washington (1963) | Organised by Philip Randolph. 250,000 people across multiple organisations gathered in DC. Featured MLK's famous 'I have a dream' speech. |
| 24th Amendment (1964) | Stopped the use of the poll tax for voter restriction in the south. |
| Heart of Atlanta v. United States (1964) | Ruled that the federal government could punish facilities for discriminating based on race. |
| Malcolm X assassinated (1965) | Malcolm X changed beliefs in 1964. Assassinated in New York, possibly by a NOI member. |
| March on Selma (1965) | Peaceful march organised by the SCLC encouraging voter registration. Faced violent police reaction, which was recorded by the press. |
| Voting Rights Act (1965) | Ensured the 15th Amendment was passed into law. |
| Watts race riot, LA (1965) | Riots following the arrest of an African American man. Widespread damage and the deaths of 34 people. |
| Black Panther party set up (1966) | Militant organisation set up to improve the economic situation of African Americans in northern cities. Sometimes used violent methods. Most of the leaders assassinated by the FBI. |
| MLK assassinated (1968) | Shot by a white supremacist. Resulted in widespread protest. |
| Philadelphia Plan (1969) | Made sure employers filled quotas for hiring minorities and groups subject to discrimination (Affirmative Action). |
| Alexander v. Holmes (1969) | Insisted on a rapid desegregation of schools. |
| Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) | Established busing to mix black inner-city children with white suburban children in schools. |
| Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971) | Protected African Americans from employment discrimination by companies which insisted on high school diplomas for jobs which they were not necessary for. |
| Equal Opportunity Employment Act (1972) | Extended equal employment legislation to all federal, state and local governments. |
| Voting Rights Act (1982) | Made section 2 of the 1965 VRA permanent. |
| Civil Rights Act (1991) | Forced companies to prove that any discrimination was not racially motivated but an actual requirement of the company. |
| Rodney King arrested (1991) | Young African American arrested and faced police brutality. Led to widespread protest. |
| LA race riots (1992) | Large scale riots that resulted in mass damage and over 50 deaths. |
| Civil Rights Act (1964) | Prohibited discrimination based on race, colour, religion, sex or national origin. Discrimination banned regarding hiring, promoting or firing in a workplace. Federal courts would hear cases on discrimination instead of local juries. |
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