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AP HUG Chapter 9
STUDY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through the ownership of large corporations |
| Agricultural Revolution | The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. |
| Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of the Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. |
| Aquaculture | The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions |
| Cereal Grain | A grass that yields grain for food |
| Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm |
| Crop | Any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season |
| Crop Rotation | A practice of rotating different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil |
| Dairy Farm | a form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products |
| Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semi-arid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting (AKA semiarid land degradation). |
| Dietary Energy Consumption | The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories (Calories in the U.S.) |
| Double Cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field |
| Fishing | the capture of wild fish and seafood living in the waters |
| Food Security | Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life |
| Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) | a living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of biotechnology |
| Grain | Seed of a cereal grass |
| Green Revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers |
| Horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers |
| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land |
| Milkshed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied |
| Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming | commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than for human consumption. |
| No Tillage | a farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the previous year’s harvest left untouched on the fields |
| Overfishing | capturing fish faster than they can reproduce |
| Paddy | The Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah |
| Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals |
| Plantation | A large farm in tropical or subtropical climates that specializes in production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country |
| Prime Agricultural Land | The most productive farmland |
| Ranching | A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area |
| Ridge Tillage | A system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation |
| Sawah | A flooded field for growing rice |
| Shifting Cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left to fallow for a relatively long period |
| Slash-and Burn Agriculture | Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris |
| Subsistence Agriculture | agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family |
| Swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning |
| Transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures |
| Truck Farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning “bartering” or “exchange of commodities” |
| Undernourishment | Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity |
| Wet Rice | Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth |
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