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Final Review Words
Unit 1 words, Unit 2 words, Unit 3 words, Unit 4 words, Unit 5 words
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| archaeologist | People who study how humans developed and how they relate to one another by studying fossils, artifacts and remains of past cultures |
| Artifact | ▪ Weapons, tools and other items made by humans in the past ▪ Primary sources: tools, diaries, paintings, tombs sites, jars/pottery etc. |
| Sources | ▪ Primary Source: First-hand accounts ▪ Secondary Source: Written or created after the original event or moment in time ▪ Credibility: Historians examine sources to make sure they are truthful/credible |
| Nomad | ▪ Person who regularly moves from place to place ▪ People during the Paleolithic Era were Hunter Gatherers, they needed to move around in order to follow the herd of animals that they hunted for food ▪ Hunter-Gatherers lived in caves comprised of small |
| Technology | ▪ Tools and methods used to help humans perform tasks obtaining food, protection etc |
| Agriculture | ▪ The growing of plants to be used for human use (farming) ▪ Due to the development of agriculture, people during the Neolithic age could now live in permanent homes and begin to build up large cities such as Jericho and Catal Huyuk |
| Specialization | ▪ The development of different kinds of jobs ▪ Humans were able to develop their skills in other areas due to the surplus of food from agriculture and domestication, this also led to trading |
| Civilization | ▪ Characteristics of organized government, cities, religion, record keeping, specialization ▪ Places that share a common feature such as religion, geography or culture is a region |
| River Valley Civilization | ▪ A community that settles and relies heavily on a river for survival Ex: Mesopotamia, Egypt ▪ Specialization allows for people to learn new ideas/skills government, language, philosophy, writing, education, etc. |
| Irrigation | ▪ The watering of dry land by means of canals or pipes ▪ Used to increase fertile land for farming |
| Code of Law | ▪ A written set of government laws/political laws that apply to everyone under a government ▪ Hammurabi’s Code of Law was “An eye for an Eye”-what does this mean? |
| Hammurabi | ▪ King of the city-state of Babylon ▪ Created one of the world’s oldest codes of law ▪ Punishments depended on your social class-just or not just? |
| Cuneiform | ▪ Writing system developed in Ancient Sumer ▪ Wedge-shaped symbols on a clay tablet ▪ Made written law possible and used to represent ideas |
| Pharaoh | ▪ The title used by the rulers of ancient Egypt ▪ Means “Great Palace” |
| Polytheism | ▪ The belief in many gods/goddesses ▪ Deities-gods or goddesses |
| Nile River | ▪ The world’s longest river ▪ Egyptians settled along the Nile and formed a river valley civilization ▪ Papyrus grew along the river-reed used to make paper, rope, baskets etc. |
| Hieroglyphics | ▪ Writing system used in Ancient Egypt ▪ Used pictures for objects, ideas, and sounds |
| Social Class System | ▪ Egyptian society was structured like a pyramid |
| River Valley | ▪ Two fertile river valleys: Ganges River and Indus River ▪ Water used for farming through the process of irrigation ▪ Writing has not yet been decoded/deciphered to learn more about this region ▪ Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro: well-planned cities |
| Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa | ▪ Expertly planned cities ▪ Built with a grid pattern of wide, straight streets ▪ Thick walls surrounded the cities ▪ World’s first sewer system ▪ Strong central government was evident as the cities were well planned |
| Monsoon | ▪ A strong wind that blows one direction in the winter and the opposite direction in the summer ▪ Brings heavy rains |
| Democracy | ▪ A system of government in which citizens vote to make decisions ▪ Solon-created many new laws including more citizens to be part of government |
| Monarchy | ▪ A government where there is one person in charge- ruled by a king or queen |
| Oligarchy | ▪ A type of government in which a small group of wealthy citizens control decision-making and hold the power ▪ Sparta |
| Tyranny | ▪ A government where one person controls everything; power is by force |
| Loess | ▪ A fine, yellow soil that is easily carried by wind and rain ▪ Blessing because it is fertile ▪ Curse because it clogs the canal and is easily moved by wind ▪ Silt- A mixture of tiny bits of soil and rock carried and deposited by the river |
| Huang He River | ▪ Also known as China’s Sorrow ▪ Flooding killed crops, animals, and villages ▪ Left behind silt for farming |
| Confucius | ▪ Chinese philosopher whose ideas are known as Confucianism ▪ Rulers should be fair and just ▪ Wanted to bring tradition back to China ▪ Respect within the family ▪ Believed in ancestor worship |
| Silk Road | ▪ Trade route to exchange valuable goods and ideas ▪ World/Global trade |
| Citizens | ▪ A person with certain rights and responsibilities in his or her country or community ▪ Owned land ▪ Born in Greece ▪ Male |
| City-state | ▪ A self-governing city, often with surrounding lands and villages ▪ Independent from other city-states politically-mostly because of mountainous and hilly terrain isolating/making it difficult to communicate |
| Polis | ▪ A city-state in ancient Greece ▪ Athens-democracy and education were strongly valued: People who did not participate in government or nurtured their education were not considered a vital part to society |
| Athens | ▪ Capital of present-day Greece ▪ City-state in ancient Greece located on Attica peninsula ▪ Focused on education and government ▪ Formed first democracy ▪ Males born in Greece were citizens ▪ Golden Age/Age of Pericles |
| Sparta | ▪ Largest city-state in Greece located on Peloponnesus ▪ Victorious over Athens in Peloponnesian War ▪ Ended Athens’ Golden Age ▪ Focused on military and strength ▪ Slaves revolted so Sparta strengthened military |
| Golden Age | A time period of peace, economic growth, cultural expansion, and achievement in architecture |
| Plebeians | ▪ Citizens in Rome (majority) ▪ A common farmer, trader, or craft worker ▪ Fought for more rights in government ▪ Tribunes were elected to protect plebeian rights |
| Patricians | ▪ Citizens in Rome ▪ Members of Rome’s noble families ▪ Controlled power in the early Republic of Rome |
| Republic | ▪ A form of government in which citizens elect representatives to speak or act for them ▪ First developed in ancient Rome ▪ Three branches of government to prevent one branch from becoming too powerful ▪ Power to veto |
| Twelve Tables | ▪ Political laws written on bronze plaques and posted in city’s forum. ▪ The earliest written collection of Roman Law |
| Forum | ▪ A gravel clearing located in the center of Rome where the Twelve Tables were posted open ▪ A market and meeting place for Romans ▪ A religious, economic, and government center for Rome (multi-purpose) |
| Pax Romana | ▪ A period of peace and prosperity for the Roman Empire that began with the rule of Augustus ▪ Lasted 200 years ▪ New roads, police and fire protection, census, aqueducts, single system of government and money |
| Monotheism | ▪ The belief in one God |
| Ten Commandments | ▪ Religious law ▪ According to the Hebrew Bible, the laws God gave to Moses on Mount Sinai ▪ Moral guidelines for the right way to live ▪ Guide for both Judaism and Christianity |
| Judaism | ▪ Faith of the ancient Israelites ▪ First monotheistic religion ▪ History of religious conflict/tension from those who oppose this faith ▪ Torah-provides religious law and history (right way to live) |
| Christianity | ▪ A religion based on the teachings of Jesus ▪ Recorded in the New Testament ▪ Monotheistic-belief in one God ▪ Holy city is Jerusalem-historical religious conflicts and tensions ▪ Ten Commandments-religious laws-rules for people to live by |
| Islam | ▪ The religion of Muslims based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad ▪ Monotheistic-belief in one God ▪ Holy city is Mecca ▪ Quran is holy book-provided moral guidelines for Muslims to live by ▪ Five Pillars ▪ Place of worship-Mosque |
| Five Pillars (religious laws) | 1. Belief in one God, Allah is the prophet 2. Pray five times daily facing holy city of Mecca 3. Give to those in need, especially the poor 4. Fast during holy month of Ramadan 5. Visit Mecca at least once in your life, if you can afford it |
| Buddhism | ▪ Religious law ▪ Religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama who became known as the Buddha or “Enlightened One” ▪ Teaches the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering ▪ Guidelines for how a person should behave/live |
| Eightfold Path | ▪ Steps needed to be followed to eliminate suffering ▪ Basic rules of behavior for living (moral guides) |
| Four Noble Truths | ▪ Life is filled with suffering ▪ Suffering is caused by desire and wanting things ▪ If you stop wanting things/desire, you will end suffering ▪ To stop wanting things/desire follow the Eightfold Path |
| Hinduism | ▪ Polytheistic ▪ Sacred texts: The Vedas ▪ Main god is Brahman, the creator ▪ Reincarnation-cycle of birth and rebirth Social classes ▪ Brahmin on top is priests ▪ Kshatriya is warrior ▪ Vaishya is merchants ▪ Sudra is commoner |
| The Fall of the Roman Empire | ▪ Grew too large to govern effectively ▪ Plagues hit ▪ Soldiers weakened ▪ Natural disasters ▪ Barbarian attacks |
| The Byzantine Empire | ▪ The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich and powerful, the Western Roman Empire fell ▪ The policies and reforms of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora helped make the Byzantine Empire strong |
| Justinian’s Code | ▪ Justinian gathered all the laws and had them placed in one book The laws were written in simpler language ▪ Justinian included the idea of “innocent until proven guilty.” ▪ Justinian gave women more rights; such as the right to inherit property |
| The Middle Ages | ▪ A period that lies between ancient and modern times ▪ Christianity became dominant ▪ Also known as "The Dark Ages” ▪ Kings and nobles were controlled by Pope and high Church official |
| Feudalism- Political Law | ▪ Started in Europe around A.D. 800 ▪ A system of organizing and governing society based on land and service |
| Manor | ▪ A large, self-sufficient estate granted to a lord and worked by the serfs ▪ Center of life for many Europeans |
| Crusades | ▪ Any journey or battle undertaken by European Christians to win control of the holy land from the Muslims ▪ Causes of Crusades- Rise of Christianity, Holy Land tensions, Spread of Islam |
| The Black Plague/Death | ▪ A terrible disease that spread quickly throughout Europe in 1348 ▪ Caused by bacteria spread by rats and fleas ▪ Wiped out one third of the western Europe population (killing one out of three people) |
| Conflict | A serious disagreement or argument. There can be conflict between individuals, groups of people, and even nations. Examples: War, Religious Conflict, Power Struggles |
| Scarcity | The state of not having enough of something. Everything we use in our daily life comes from the Earth and there is a limited supply of resources on this planet. Examples: Food, Water, Land, Gas, Baby Formula, Cleaning Supplies etc. |
| Innovation | A new method of addressing a problem. Innovations have positive and negative impacts. A new method used to address a problem. Examples: Roads, Aqueducts, Paper, Writing/Language, Tools, Farming, Technology etc. |
| Environmental Impact | The area around us in which we live. We are affected by our environment and we have an effect on it. Examples: Deforestation, Pollution, Global Warming, Disease, Scarcity of Resources etc. |
| Ideas and Beliefs | Our ideas and beliefs shape the ways we look at the world. Ideas and beliefs can come from one’s conclusions from observations, religions, parents, books, and friends |
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