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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Archaeologist | People who study how humans developed and how they relate to one another by studying fossils, artifacts and remains of past cultures |
| Artifact | Weapons, tools and other items made by humans in the past Primary sources: tools, diaries, paintings, tombs sites, jars/pottery etc. |
| Sources | Primary Source: First-hand accounts ▪ Secondary Source: Written or created after the original event or moment in time ▪ Credibility: Historians examine sources to make sure they are truthful/credible |
| Nomad | Person who regularly moves from place to place ▪ People during the Paleolithic Era were Hunter- Gatherers, they needed to move around in order to follow the herd of animals that they hunted for food |
| Nomad | ▪ Hunter-Gatherers lived in caves comprised of small family groups |
| Technology | ▪ Tools and methods used to help humans perform tasks-obtaining food, protection etc. |
| Technology | ▪ People during the Paleolithic Era learned how to make and use fire, which allowed them to live in colder climates, along with cooking their food, providing light and protection from animals |
| Technology | ▪ Stone tools and fire were the most common form of technology used during this time period |
| Agriculture | ▪ The growing of plants to be used for human use (farming) ▪ Due to the development of agriculture, people during the Neolithic age could now live in permanent homes and begin to build up large cities such as Jericho and Catal Huyuk |
| Agriculture | ▪ Agriculture allowed for a surplus of food supply hence allowing specialization to emerge |
| Specialization | ▪ The development of different kinds of jobs ▪ Humans were able to develop their skills in other areas due to the surplus of food from agriculture and domestication, this also led to trading |
| Civilization | ▪ Characteristics of organized government, cities, religion, record keeping, specialization ▪ Places that share a common feature such as religion, geography or culture is a region |
| River Valley Civilization | ▪ A community that settles and relies heavily on a river for survival Ex: Mesopotamia, Egypt ▪ Specialization allows for people to learn new ideas/skills-government, language, philosophy, writing, education, etc. |
| Irrigation | ▪ The watering of dry land by means of canals or pipes ▪ Used to increase fertile land for farming |
| Code of Law | ▪ A written set of government laws/political law sthat apply to everyone under a government ▪ Hammurabi’s Code of Law was “An eye for an Eye”-what does this mean? |
| Hammurabi | ▪ King of the city-state of Babylon ▪ Created one of the world’s oldest codes of law ▪ Punishments depended on your social class-just or not just? |
| Cuneiform | ▪ Writing system developed in Ancient Sumer ▪ Wedge-shaped symbols on a clay tablet ▪ Made written law possible and used to represent ideas |
| Pharaoh | ▪ The title used by the rulers of ancient Egypt ▪ Means “Great Palace” |
| Polytheism | ▪ The belief in many gods/goddesses ▪ Deities-gods or goddesses |
| Nile River | ▪ The world’s longest river ▪ Egyptians settled along the Nile and formed a river valley civilization ▪ Papyrus grew along the river-reed used to make paper, rope, baskets etc. |
| Hieroglyphics | ▪ Writing system used in Ancient Egypt ▪ Used pictures for objects, ideas, and sounds |
| Social Class System | ▪ Egyptian society was structured like a pyramid |
| River Valley | ▪ Two fertile river valleys: Ganges River and Indus River ▪ Water used for farming through the process of irrigation ▪ Little is known about this region |
| River Valley | ▪ Writing has not yet been decoded/deciphered to learn more about this region ▪ Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro: well-planned cities |
| Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa | ▪ Expertly planned cities ▪ Built with a grid pattern of wide, straight streets ▪ Thick walls surrounded the cities ▪ World’s first sewer system ▪ Strong central government was evident as the cities were well planned |
| Monsoon | ▪ A strong wind that blow one direction in the winter and the opposite direction in the summer ▪ Brings heavy rains |
| Democracy | ▪ A system of government in which citizens vote to make decisions |
| Democracy | ▪ Pericles: Greek Statesman and General, made sure the poor as well as rich citizen could take part in government (Democracy), helped the create the jury system, people got salaries to sit on a jury |
| Monarchy | ▪ A government where there is one person in charge- ruled by a king or queen |
| Oligarchy | ▪ A type of government in which a small group of wealthy citizens control decision-making and hold the power ▪ Sparta |
| Tyranny | ▪ A government where one person controls everything; power is by force |
| Loess | ▪ A fine, yellow soil that is easily carried by wind and rain ▪ Blessing because it is fertile ▪ Curse because it clogs canal and is easily moved by wind ▪ Silt- A mixture of tiny bits of soil and rock carried and deposited by the river |
| Huang He River | ▪ Also known as China’s Sorrow ▪ Flooding killed crops, animals, and villages ▪ Left behind silt for farming |
| Confucius | ▪ During the Period of Warring States, violence was common. Many Chinese began looking for ways to restore order to society. One theory to create a peaceful society/social order was called Confucianism. |
| Confucius | ▪ His ideas were called Confucianism ▪ Rulers should be fair and just ▪ Wanted to bring tradition back to China ▪ Respect within the family ▪ Believed in ancestor worship ▪ Chinese philosopher whose ideas are known as Confucianism |
| Silk Road | ▪ Trade route to exchange valuable goods and ideas ▪ World/Global trade |
| Citizens | ▪ A person with certain rights and responsibilities in his or her country or community ▪ Owned land ▪ Born in Greece ▪ Male |
| City-state | ▪ Independent from other city-states politically-mostly because of mountainous and hilly terrain isolating/making it difficult to communicate (ex: Athens and Sparta’s values differed greatly) |
| City-State | ▪ Spread Greek culture wherever they conquered (pride) ▪ A self-governing city, often with surrounding lands and villages |
| Polis | ▪ A city-state in ancient Greece ▪ Athens-democracy and education were strongly valued: People who did not participate in government or nurtured their education were not considered a vital part to society. |
| Athens | ▪ Capital of present-day Greece ▪ City-state in ancient Greece located on Attica peninsula ▪ Focused on education and government ▪ Women who told to speak little and hear little ▪ Boys farmed and worked with fathers and went to school |
| Athens | ▪ Athens formed first democracy ▪ First government was monarchy, then oligarchy and finally a democracy ▪ Males born in Greece were citizens ▪ Golden Age/Age of Pericles ▪ Had Olympic games to honor gods on Mt. Olympus |
| Sparta | ▪ Largest city-state in Greece located on Peloponnesus ▪ Victorious over Athens in Peloponnesian War ▪ Ended Athens’ Golden Age ▪ Focused on military and strength |
| Sparta | ▪ Slaves revolted so Sparta strengthened military ▪ Women were raised as strong mothers ▪ Had Olympic games to honor gods on Mt. Olympus |
| Golden Age | ▪ A time period of peace, economic growth, cultural expansion, and achievement in architecture |
| Plebeians | ▪ Citizens in Rome (majority) ▪ A common farmer, trader, or craft worker ▪ Fought for more rights in government ▪ Tribunes were elected to protect plebeian rights |
| Patricians | ▪ Citizens in Rome ▪ Members of Rome’s noble families ▪ Controlled power in the early Republic of Rome |
| Republic | ▪ A form of government in which citizens elect representatives to speak or act for them ▪ First developed in ancient Rome ▪ Three branches of government to prevent one branch from becoming too powerful ▪ Power to veto |
| Twelve Tables | ▪ Plebeians protested to have more rights and a more active role in government. Many reforms were made including the Twelve Tables posted for all to see not just the patricians. |
| Twelve Tables | ▪ Political laws written on bronze plaques and posted in city’s forum. ▪ The earliest written collection of Roman Law |
| Forum | ▪ A gravel clearing located in the center of Rome where the Twelve Tables were posted open ▪ A market and meeting place for Romans ▪ A religious, economic, and government center for Rome (multi-purpose) |
| Pax Romana | ▪ A period of peace and prosperity for the Roman Empire that began with the rule of Augustus ▪ Lasted 200 years ▪ New roads, police and fire protection, census, aqueducts, single system of government and money |
| Pax Romana | ▪ Time period of peace allowed for innovations to help improve the empire ▪ Cultural enlightenment |
| Monotheism | ▪ The belief in one God |
| Islam | ▪ The religion of Muslims based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad ▪ Monotheistic-belief in one God ▪ Holy city is Mecca ▪ Quran is holy book-provided moral guidelines for Muslims to live by ▪ Five Pillars ▪ Place of worship-Mosque |
| Five Pillars (religious laws) | ▪ The five basic duties of all Muslims: 1. Belief in one God, Allah is the prophet 2. Pray five times daily facing holy city of Mecca |
| Five Pillars (religious laws) | Islams laws guidelines |
| Buddhism | ▪ Religious law ▪ Religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama who became known as the Buddha or “Enlightened One” ▪ Teaches the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering ▪ Guidelines for how a person should behave/live |
| Eightfold Path | ▪ Steps needed to be followed to eliminate suffering ▪ Basic rules of behavior for living (moral guides) |
| Four Noble Truths | ▪ Life is filled with suffering ▪ Suffering is caused by desire and wanting things ▪ If you stop wanting things/desire, you will end suffering ▪ To stop wanting things/desire follow the Eightfold Path |
| Hinduism | ▪ Polytheistic ▪ Hinduism is the third largest world religion with about 900 million Hindus worldwide ▪ Sacred texts: The Vedas ▪ Main god is Brahman, the creator ▪ Reincarnation-cycle of birth and rebirth ▪ Brahmin on top is priests |
| Hinduism | ▪ Kshatriya is warrior ▪ Vaishya is merchants ▪ Sudra is commoner ▪ Untouchables are not considered part of the Caste System (Have to bang sticks to say they are coming)▪ Follow dharma (job or duty), the code of life -determined by social class |
| The Fall of the Roman Empire | ▪ Grew too large to govern effectively ▪ Plagues hit ▪ Soldiers weakened ▪ Natural disasters ▪ Barbarian attacks |
| The Byzantine Empire | ▪ The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich and powerful, the Western Roman Empire fell. ▪ Constantine renamed the ancient city of Byzantium, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, Constantinople. |
| The Byzantine Empire | ▪ The policies and reforms of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora helped make the Byzantine Empire strong. ▪ The Byzantines developed a rich culture based in Roman, Greek and Christian ideas. |
| Justinian’s Code: | ▪ Justinian gathered all the laws and had them placed in one book. The laws were written in simpler language. ▪ Justinian included the idea of “innocent until proven guilty.” ▪ Justinian gave women more rights; such as the right to inherit property. |
| The Middle Ages | ▪ After the fall of Rome came a period called the Middle Ages, or medieval times ▪ It is a period that lies between ancient and modern times ▪ Christianity became dominant, so that the Middle Ages is known as “The Age of Faith” |
| The Middle Ages | ▪ Kings and nobles were controlled by Pope and high Church official (religious and political law went hand in hand) ▪ The Middle Ages are also known as “The Dark Ages” due to the lack of learning and innovations |
| Feudalism- Political Law | ▪ Started in Europe around A.D. 800 ▪ A system of organizing and governing society based on land and service |
| Manor | ▪ A large, self-sufficient estate granted to a lord and worked by the serfs ▪ Center of life for many Europeans |
| Crusades | ▪ Any journey or battle undertaken by European Christians to win control of the holy land from the Muslims ▪ Causes of Crusades- Rise of Christianity, Holy Land tensions, Spread of Islam |
| The Black Plague/Death | ▪ A terrible disease that spread quickly throughout Europe in1348 ▪ Caused by bacteria spread by rats and fleas ▪ Wiped out one third of the western Europe population (killing one out of three people) |
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