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CardiovascularSystem
Histology Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Cardiovascular System composed of? | The blood vascular system and the lymphatic vascular system |
| What is the blood vascular system composed of? | The heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins |
| What epithelium is the cardiovascular system lined with? | Simple squamous epithelium |
| What are the two sets of vessels? | Macrovasculature (diameter greater than 0.1 mm) and microvasculature (visible only with light microscope) |
| How many chambers does the human heart have and what are they? | Four chambers and it has two atrias and two ventricles |
| The walls of each chamber are composed of how many major layers? | Three |
| What is Endocardium? | Simple squamous epithelium on a thin layer of collagen as well as some smooth muscle |
| How is endocardium connected to myocardium? | They are connected by the subendothelial layer |
| What is a subendothelial layer? | A layer rich w/ veins, nerves, and branches of an intrinsic conduction system |
| What is Myocardium? | The thickest layer (thicker in ventricles than atria) and it contains cardiac muscle tissue arranged in a complex spiral |
| What is Epicardium? | an external covering of the heart, composed of simple squamous epithelium |
| Why does the heart have valves? | To ensure unidirectional flow of blood |
| What do cardiac valves consist of? | A dense core of dense fibrous connective tissue, with both collagen and elastic fibers, lined on both sides by endothelium |
| What does the Intrinsic Conduction System do? | Ensures rhythmic contraction of the heart |
| What is the Intrinsic Conduction System composed of? | Sinoatrial nodes, Atrioventricular nodes, Atrioventricular bundles, bundle branches, and Purkinje cells |
| What do sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers do to the heart? | Innervate the heart |
| What does the Intrinsic Conduction System do to the heart? | It starts the cardiac cycle, otherwise known as the myogenic heart beat |
| Blood Vessels are composed of what three layers? | Tunica intima, Tunica media, and Tunica externa |
| Tunica intima? | In arteries, this layer is separated from the tunica media by an internal elastic lamina An endothelium |
| Tunica media? | Composed of smooth muscle, may also have elastic fibers and reticular fibers, in arteries, this layer is separated form the tunica externa by an external elastic lamina |
| Tunica externa? | Type I collagen fibers and elastic fibers Also known as Tunica adventitia |
| What do large vessels usually have? | Vasa Vasorum |
| What do Vasa Vasorum do? | They nourish cells in the walls of larger vessels |
| What may large vessels also have? | Unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers |
| What do unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers cause? | They cause vasoconstriction |
| What may arteries receive in skeletal muscles? | They may receive cholinergic nerve supply |
| What does cholinergic nerve supply cause? | Vasodilation |
| What do large arteries help to do? | They help to stabilize the flow of blood |
| Why may large arteries appear yellowish in color? | Because of the elastic fibers |
| What do large arteries have? | Thick tunica media with as many as 40-70 lamellae of elastic fibers |
| What is Atherosclerosis? | A build up of plaques of foam cells, macrophages and smooth muscles on endothelium that are heavily loaded with lipid, those are known as foam cells |
| What is an Aneurysm? | When a weakened tunica media due to embryonic defect disease or lesion causes the wall to dilate and eventually rupture |
| Describe Muscular Arteries? | They control blood flow to organs and may contain up to 40 layers of smooth muscle cells |
| Where is external elastic lamina present in muscular arteries? | External elastic lamina are only present in the largest of the muscular arteries |
| What do the walls of internal carotid artery contain? | It contains baroreceptors |
| What does a baroreceptor do? | detects increases in blood pressure |
| What do Arterial Sensory Structures do? | They carry information to the brain via glossopharyngeal nerves which then triggers adjustments in vasoconstriction and returns blood pressure to normal |
| What are Carotid bodies? | They are small, ganglia-like structures near the bifurcation of common carotid arteries |
| What do carotid bodies have? | They have chemoreceptors sensitive to blood carbon dioxide and oxygen levels |
| Where are Aortic bodies and what do they do? | They are similar in function to carotid bodies and they occur in the arch of the aorta |
| What are the smallest branches of muscular arteries (less than 0.5 mm in diameter)? | Arterioles |
| Lumen in Arterioles are as wide as what? | It is as wide as the wall is thick |
| What may be directly connected to Arterioles? | Venules may be directly connected by arteriovenous shunts or anastomoses |
| Sites of exchange between blood and cells of the body happen where? | In capillaries |
| What is the diameter of capillaries? | Capillaries are 4-10 microns in diameter |
| What percent of blood vessels in the body are capillaries? | 90% |
| What is the blood flow rate in capillaries? | The blood flow rate is about 0.3 mm/s |
| What is the blood flow rate in the aorta? | The blood flow rate is about 320 mm/s |
| How many capillaries are in the body? | 10-14 million |
| What percent of total blood volume is in systemic capillaries at any one moment of time? | 5%, which is 250mL out of 5L |
| What percent of total blood volume is in the lunges? | 10% and this is arteries, veins, and capillaries |
| What are capillaries composed of? | A single layer of endothelial cells |
| What cells of mesenchymal origin have well developed actin and myosin? | Pericytes |
| When are Pericytes important? | After tissue injury |
| What are the three types of capillaries? | Continuous capillaries and Fenestrated capillaries and Sinusoid capillaries |
| What capillary type is the most common? | Continuous capillaries |
| What makes a Fenestrated capillary a Fenestrated capillary? | It has small circular fenestrae in the very thein endothelial cells and is covered by thin diaphragms that lack a lipid bilayer |
| Where are Fenestrated capillaries found? | In the kidney, intestine, choroid plexus and endocrine glands |
| What is a Sinusoid capillary? | A maximal exchange, endothelial cells w/ large fenestrae and no diaphragms |
| Are the basal laminas discontinuous or continuous in Sinusoid capillaries? | They are discontinuous and they have large diameters 3-40 microns |
| Where do Sinusoid capillaries occur? | In the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and some endocrine organs |
| What is the size range for postcapillary venules? | 15-20 microns in diameter |
| The primary sites where leukocytes leave the circulating blood is? | Venules |
| Why do venules converge? | They converge to form collecting venules, which fuse to form muscular venules, w/ 2-3 layers of smooth muscle cells in tunica media |
| What type of pressure does blood enter the vein under? | Low pressure |
| Why do veins have valves? | To prevent backflow |
| Compared to arteries the lumen and tunica media can be described as what? | Veins have larger lumens and thinner tunica media compared to arteries |
| Describe Lymphatic Vascular System? | The body has a system of endothelial vessels that collects excess interstitial fluids and return it back to the venous system |
| What is the fluid within the LVS? | It is Lymph fluid |
| How is collection done in the Lymphatic Vascular System? | It is done by lymphatic capillaries |
| How is the Lymphatic Vascular System formed? | It fuses to become lymphatic vessels which return lymph via thoracic duct, the left subclavian vein, or the right lymphatic duct, the confluence of the right subclavian and internal jugular vein |
| When does a syncope occur? | When one loses consciousness for a short period of time because the brain is not getting enough oxygen |
| What are the three types of Syncope? | Vasovagal, Carotid sinus, and Situational |
| When does Vasovagal happen? | It is triggered by emotional trauma, stress, or standing for a long period of time |
| When does Carotid sinus happen? | When the carotid artery is constricted, usually after turning ones head or if they are wearing a tight collar |
| When does Situational happen? | Occurs due to straining while coughing, urinating, moving bowels or having gastrointestinal problems. |
| What is the composition of blood? | It is specialized connective tissue and about 5 L is moved in one direction by contractions of the heart |
| What is the matrix of blood? | Plasma |
| What are the formed elements in blood? | Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
| What are the three layers of blood? | The bottom is 45% erythrocytes, the middle is 1% leukocytes and platelets, and the top 55% is plasma |
| What is the leukocyte and platelet layer also known as? | Buffy Coat |
| What are the functions of blood? | To transport respiratory gases, metabolites, nutrients, and hormones, to regulate body temperature, and to maintain acid-base osmotic balance |
| What is the main cell in the immune system? | Leukocytes |
| Which cells are generally inactive in circulating blood? | Leukocytes |
| What are the dissolved components of plasma? | Plasma proteins, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and inorganic ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride |
| What is plasma composed of? | 8-10% dissolved components and 90-92% water |
| What are some major plasma proteins? | Albumin, alpha and beta globulins, gamma globulins, complement proteins, and fibrinogen |
| What does Albumin do? | maintains osmotic pressure |
| What does Alpha and Beta Globulins do? | Act to coagulate blood |
| What are Gamma Globulins? | Immunoglobulins |
| What is a Complement Protein? | A system of factors important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms |
| What does Fibrinogen do? | During clotting, it polymerizes to prevent blood loss |
| What stains are blood cells stained with? | a combination of eosin and methylene blue, as well ad Wright's and Giemsa |
| What is an Erythrocyte? | A terminally differentiated, encucleate, packed with hemoglobin; it never leaves blood vesssels under normal conditions |
| Binconcave disks are around what size in diameter? | ~7.5 microns in diameter |
| The normal concentration of erythrocytes in women are what? | 3.9-5.5 million microliters |
| The normal concentration of erythrocytes in men are what? | 4.1-6 million microliters |
| How long do erythrocytes spend circulating in blood? | 120 days |
| What are immature erythrocytes known as? | Reticulocytes |
| What are some Erythrocytes abnormalities? | Anemia, Polycythemia, and anisocytosis |
| What is anemia? | Decreased oxygen carrying capacity, which means an individual would have a low number of circulating RBCs |
| How does Polycythemia happen? | When you have an abnormal high number, normal at high elevation, in disease state which can impair circulation in capillaries |
| What is Anisocytosis? | having a high percentage of erythrocytes of unusual sizes |
| What would be an unusual size for an Erythrocyte? | macrocytes would be 9 microns and microcytes would be less than 6 microns |
| What are the two Leukocyte groups? | Granulocytes and Agranulocytes |
| What do grangulocytes have? | specific granules, that have specific functions and azurophilic granules, that are specialized lysosomes that stain darkly |
| What are key characteristics of grnaulocytes? | they have polymorphic nuclei (with two or more lobes), they have a lifespan of only a few days, their Golgi and ER are poorly developed and only have few mitochrondria, and they die by apoptosis |
| What do granulocytes consists of? | Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
| What do Agranulocytes consist of? | Monocytes and lymphocytes |
| What do Agranulocytes have? | They have azurophilic granules (lysosomes) and a rounded or indented nucleus |
| How many leukocytes do healthy adults have? | Typically 6,000-10,000 leukocytes per microliter of blood |
| Neutrophils constitute what percentage of circulating leukocytes? | 60-70% |
| Neutrophils are what size in diamter? | 12-15 microns |
| How many lobes of nucleus are neutrophils? | 2-5 lobes |
| Where are neutrophils active and inactive? | They are inactive in circulating blood and are active in tissues (they're phagocytes of bacteria in tissues) |
| When does apoptosis occur for Neutrophils in blood and in connective tissue? | In blood the half-life of cells is 6-7 hours and in connective tissues it is 1-4 days |
| Eosinophils constitute what percentage of circulating population? | 2-4% |
| Describe eosinophils nucleus? | bilobed w/ a cytoplasm in rich specific granules |
| Why are eosinophils important? | They respond to parasites, modulate inflammatory responses, and mediate allergic reactions and asthma |
| What percentage of Basophils are circulating leukocytes? | less than 1% |
| What is the diameter of basophils? | 12-15 microns |
| How are basophil nucleus' divided? | Into irregular lobes that have large specific granules that stain dark blue |
| What can basophils result in? | Metachromasia, due to heparin and other protein It may also contain histamine |
| Describe a lymphocyte? | It has a spherical nuclei and consists of three groups |
| What are the three groups of a lymphocyte? | T cells, B cells, and Natural killer cells |
| What is the diameter of a lymphocyte? | 6-8 microns but can go up ot 9-28 microns and it is about 28% of the circulating white blood cells |
| Can a lymphocytes lifespan vary? | Yes |
| What is the diameter of monocytes? | 12-20 microns and about 5% of them are the circulating population |
| Describe a monocyte? | It has a large nucleus, is off centered, may be oval-shaped, kidney shaped, or U-shaped, and its chromatin is less condensed than in lymphocytes |
| Do they differentiate in connective tissue to become macrophages? | Yes |
| Describe platelets? | disk-shaped fragments that originate from megakaryocytes in bone marrow, promotes blood clotting and helps repair blood vessels |
| What is the diameter of a platelet? | 2-4 microns |
| How much of platelets is in blood? | 200,000-400,00/microliters in blood |
| What is the lifespan of platelets? | About 10 days |
| How do Hemopoietic organs develop? | Blood cells arise from the Blood Islands, then during the second trimester, hemopoiesis occurs (in liver and spleen), then during the third trimester bone marrow becomes the major hemopoietic tissue |
| Where does erythropoiesis form? | Bone marrow |
| Where does granulopoieses form? | Bone marrow |
| Where does monocytopoiesis form? | Bone marrow |
| Where does thrombocytopoiesis form? | Bone marrow |
| Where does Lymphopoiesis form? | Bone marrow and lymphoid organs |
| What must all blood cells go through in order to be released into circulation? | They must all go through specific stages of differentiation and maturation |
| What are stem cells and what are they capable of? | They're pluripotent and capable of asymmetric division and self-renewal |
| Where do all blood cells arise from? | A cell in bone marrow called Pluripotent stem cell |
| Hemocytoblast (pluripotent stem cells) do what? | Proliferate and form major lineages |
| What are the two major lineages of Hemocytoblast? | Lymphoid cells and Myeloid cells |
| What do lymphoid cells form? | lymphocytes |
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heavenelizabeth
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