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Apush Ch. 15
Reconstruction and the New South
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Wade-Davis Bill | proposed by radical Repubs; majority of white males pledge allegiance to Union, and appointed governor will call state constitutional convention; new Const. must abolish slavery, disenfranchise Confed. leaders, repudiate debts accumulated during war |
| Freedmen's Bureau | est. by Congress 1865; distributed food to ex-slaves, established schools run by missionaries/teachers from N aid societies & church groups; made efforts to settle blacks on their own land; only had authority to operate 1yr, too small to deal w/ problems |
| Reconstruction Ideals - Conservatives | insisted on abolition, but wanted only a few other conditions for the readmittance of seceded states |
| Reconstruction Ideals - Moderates | wanted at least some concessions from the S regarding black civil rights |
| Reconstruction Ideals - Radical | supported disenfranchising S whites, protecting blacks' civil rights, & redistributing among blacks the property of wealthy southerners who aided the Confed. |
| Lincoln's Reconstruction Policy | started Dec 1863; offered amnesty to most southerners if they'd pledge oath of loyalty, accept abolition; when 10% of states' voters took oath, could set up state govt; proposed voting rights for blacks who were educated, owned property, fought in army |
| Johnson's Reconstruction Policy | "restoration"; amnesty if would take loyalty oath; provisional governor to allow qualified voters to elect delegates to constitutional convention; to return to Union, states had to revoke secession, abolish slavery, ratify 13th Amend., repudiate war debts |
| Why wouldn't Radicals in Congress recognize state govts formed under Johnson's plan for Reconstruction? | they had become hostile towards the S b/c the southern conventions had been reluctant to abolish slavery & refused to grant black suffrage; felt "defied" b/c southerners elected Confed. leaders to Congress |
| Joint Committee on Reconstruction | created Dec 1865 to make a congressional Reconstruction policy b/c Radicals didn't agree w/ Johnson's policy and refused to seat representatives from state govts formed under his plan |
| Black Codes | allowed local officials to arrest unemployed blacks, fine them for vagrancy, and hire them out to private employers to pay fine; some forbade blacks to own/lease farms, or take jobs other than field hand/domestic servant |
| What was the congressional response to black codes in the South? | they extended the life of the Freedmen's Bureau and gave it the power to nullify work agreements forced on blacks under the Black Codes; also passed the first Civil Rights Act |
| Civil Rights Act | 1866, declared blacks citizens, gave the federal govt the right to intervene in state or federal affairs in order to protect the rights of any citizen |
| Fourteenth Amendment | all born in US/naturalized = citizen; all citizens given equal protection of laws by state/fed govt and is entitled to privileges of Const.; penalty for states that deny suffrage to adult males citizens; Confed. leaders can't hold office unless pardoned |
| 1866 Congressional Elections | majority of Radical Repubs elected to both House and Senate; their position had been strengthened by bloody race riots in S; majority allowed them to override Pres. veto and enact their own plan |
| Command of the Army Act | prohibited Pres from issuing military orders except through commanding general (Grant); prevented commanding general from being reassigned/removed without the Senate's consent |
| Tenure of Office Act | forbade the Pres. to remove officials, including cabinet members, without the Senate's consent; this was designed to preserve the job of Edwin M. Stanton, a cabinet member who was cooperating w/ the Radical Repubs |
| Ex parte Milligan | 1866, Supreme Court declared it was illegal to have military tribunals in places where civil courts were functioning; eventually court denied jurisdiction in Reconstruction cases to preserve its rights, due to Congressional proposals in response to this |
| Congressional Response to "Ex parte Milligan" | in order to prevent Court interference w/ Reconstruction, proposed (not passed) several plans: 2/3 Court needed to overrule Congress decision; court not given jurisdiction in Reconstruct. cases; court membership reduced; court abolished entirely |
| Fifteenth Amendment | state/federal govt forbidden to deny voting rights on basis of race, color, former status as a slave (gender still okay though) |
| Congressional Plan for Reconstruction | states (not TN) made into military districts, each governed by commander, who registered voters (all blacks, loyal whites); voters elected delegates to Const. convention; Const must allow black suffrage, ratify 14/15th; not admitted until Amends in Const. |
| Why and on what grounds was President Johnson impeached? | the radical Republicans believed he was a threat because he was in charge of administering the Reconstruction programs; they impeached him for dismissing Sec. of State Stanton without Congress's consent (violation of the Tenure of Office Act) |
| Result of Johnson's Impeachment Trial | radical Republicans pressured moderates to vote to convict Johnson, but enough moderates joined the Democrat/Independent vote to acquit that the vote was one short of 2/3 needed to remove Johnson from office |
| Scalawags | former Whigs who never joined the Democrats or who lived in remote areas with little/no slavery |
| Carpetbaggers | white men from the N, many of them Union veterans, who saw the S as a promising frontier (moreso than the W), and moved there after the war to become planters, businessmen, or professionals |
| Role of Blacks in Politics | served as delegates to constitutional conventions, in US House of Representative, in US Senate, on state legislature, as other state officials |
| Sharecropping | blacks worked their own plots of land, but didn't own it. they paid white landlords a fixed rent or a fixed share of their crops. had physical independence, even though they didn't own their land. landlords didn't have to pay for slaves' physical health |
| Crop-Lien System | system of credit centered around local stores; farmers purchased items on credit, and were charged up to 60% interest; with a few bad years, could easily become trapped in cycle of debt that's hard to escape |
| Effects of Crop-Lien System | many blacks lost land due to debt; farmers depended on cash crops, especially cotton, b/c fast/high payoff = easier to escape debt; mass cotton planting = soil exhaustion; impoverished small farmers + led to general decline in S agricultural economy |
| How did the black family structure change? | women/children stopped working in the fields and instead focused on domestic tasks (field work was seen as a badge of slavery); many black women needed income, so they took work as domestic servants, took in laundry, or helped husbands in the field |
| "Home Rule" | control of the S by a conservative oligarchy whose members were known as "Redeemers" or "Bourbons"; they were made up of the planter elite in some areas, but in other areas they were made up of merchants, industrialists, railroad developers, financiers |
| Characteristics of the Bourbon Governments | Democratic regimes; lowered taxes, reduced spending, drastically diminished state services, reduced/eliminated support for public school systems |
| Henry Grady | editor of the _Atlanta Constitution_; supported a viorous industrial economy for the S; promoted virtues of thrift, industry, and progress |
| What drew textile factories to the S? | abundance of water power, accommodating conservative governments, ready supply of cheap labor, low taxes |
| In what ways did railroad development increase during Reconstruction? | trackage in the S doubled; 1886, the S changed the gauge (width) of the track to correspond w/ N standards so that cargo wouldn't need to change trains between regions |
| Why and where did many women find work? | due to heavy male casualities in the war, unmarried women were in desperate need of employment/money, so they often became factory workers |
| Describe life in a typical mill town | rigorously controlled by owners/managers; suppressed attempts at protests/union organizations; company stores sold goods at high prices and gave credit at high interest rates, and ensured no competing merchants could establish themselves |
| What industries offered opportunities to blacks, and what effect did this have on race relations? | tobacco, iron, & lumber provided employment for blacks, so black & white cultures came into close contact. this inhibited the growth of racial harmony and increased the determination of white leaders to take additional measures to protect white supremacy |
| Describe tenantry. | farmers who owned tools/equipment/animals paid rent for their land; those who had no money/equipment (most blacks) were supplied with land, crude house, tools, seed, mule: paid the landlord, as well as the merchant, with large share of crop |
| Describe the black middle class. | former slaves who acquird property, established small businesses, or entered professions. they believed that education was vital to the future of blacks. they expanded the network of black colleges/institutes into an important educational system. |
| How did former slaves separate themselves from white control? | by separating from white institutions. they pulled out of white-controlled churches and established their own, they created clubs/societies for blacks, and started their own schools |
| What was the white southerner's definition of freedom, and how did he attempt to exercise it? | freedom meant the ability to control your own destiny without interference from the N or the fed. govt; they exercised it by trying to restore society to its antebellum form and trying to preserve local/regional autonomy and white supremacy |
| Which states formed loyal governments under Lincoln's plan by 1864? | Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee |
| Describe the conspiracy surrounding Lincoln's assassination. | Lincoln was shot by Confed-supporter John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865; Booth's associate shot and wounded Sec. of State Seward; another was supposed to murder VP Johnson, but he didn't follow through |
| How did many northerners perceive Lincoln's assassination? | as evidence of a greater conspiracy masterminded and directed by the unrepentant leaders of the defeated South. |
| Who were the candidates in the 1868 Presidential election? | Republican = Gen. Ulysses S. Grant; Democrat = former governor Horatio Seymour of NY |
| Describe Grant's advisors. | Except for his Sec. of State Hamilton Fish, his cabinet was ill-equipped for their tasks. He relied mostly on established party leaders for advice, and blatantly used the spoils system. |
| Describe the Liberal Republicans and their actions. | the "liberal republicans" opposed what they called "grantism," and left the Republican party in 1872 in order to nominate their own presidential candidate and prevent Grant's reelection. |
| Describe the election of 1872. | Republicans nominated Grant; Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley, and the Democrats also named Greeley as their candidate. Grant still won a substantial victory, despite the alliance between Liberal Republicans and Democrats. |
| Credit Mobilier Scandal | French company CM helped build Union Pacific Railroad; heads of CM were UP stockholders, and were able to steer large fake contracts to their company, thus robbing UP of millions. To prevent investigation, CM gave stock to key Congress members. |
| Investigation into the Credit Mobilier Scandal | 1872, Congress conducted an investigation. They found that highly placed Republicans, including Grant's VP Schuyler Colfax, had accepted stock from the heads of Credit Mobilier in exchange for silence about the robbing of the Union Pacific Company |
| The Whiskey Ring | Benjamin H. Bristow (Sec. of Treasury #3) discovered that some of his officials and a group of distillers were operating as a "whiskey ring" and filing false tax reports to cheat the govt out of tax money. |
| The Indian Ring | a House investigation revealed the Sec. of War William W. Belknap had accepted bribes to retain an Indian-post trader in office |
| Panic of 1873 | Jay Cooke and Company failed due to heavy investment in postwar railroad building. Debtors began pressuring the govt to redeem federal war bonds with greenbacks in order to increase the available money, but the govt wanted money that was backed by gold |
| Specie Resumption Act | 1875: provided that after Jan. 1, 1879, the greenback dollars would be redeemed by the govt and replaced with currency backed by gold; helped creditors who were worried about uncertain $ value but worried debtors b/c gold-backed $ couldn't expand easily |
| National Greenback Party | founded 1875 by those supporting greenbacks; didn't gain widespread support but did keep the money issue alive: issue of currency remained controversial in late 19th century US politics. |
| Expansion of the US during Reconstruction | Johnson's Sec. of State Seward accepted an offer to buy Alaska for $7.2million (known as "Seward's Folly, highly criticised); he also engineered the annexation of the Midway Islands, west of Hawaii. |
| Resolution of Alabama Claims | 1871, Grant's Sec. of State Fish signed the Treaty of Washington w/ Britain; it provided for international arbitration and finally resolved the issue of English shipyards building ironclads for the Confederacy |
| What did the KKK and Knights of the White Camellia do? | used terrorism to frighten or physically bar blacks from voting |
| What did paramilitary organizations such as the Red Shirts and White Leagues do? | they armed themselves to "poliec" elections and worked to force all white males to join the Democratic party |
| How did economic pressure prevent blacks from voting for Republican candidates? | some planters refused to rent land to Republican blacks; storekeepers refused to extend them credit; employers refused to hire them |
| Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 | prohibited states from discriminating against voters on the basis of race and gave the federal govt authority to prosecute crimes by individuals under federal laws; also authorized the Pres. to use federal troops to protect civil rights; aka the KKK Acts |
| What was Congress's response to the suppression of black suffrage in the South? | the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 |
| When was the federal troop provision of the Enforcement Acts used? | in 1871 by Pres. Grant in nine counties of SC |
| Why did northern commitment to civil rights in the S begin to wane? | reformers believed blacks could take care of themselves; Radical Repubs became Liberals; Republicans in the S became Democrats; Panic of 1873 undermined support for Reconstruction -- Democrats won control of the House, Grant reduced military force in S |
| Who were the candidates of the 1876 presidential election? | Republican = Rutherford B. Hayes (Grant wanted to run but scandals caused Republicans to resist his nomination); Democrats = Samuel J. Tilden |
| Explain the dispute in the election of 1876. | Tilden carried the S and several large northern states. however, Louisiana, SC, Florida, and Oregon all had disputed returns. Hayes could still win if he won all the disputed votes [20 Electoral Votes] |
| How did Congress deal with the disputed election? | Jan 1877, Congress created a special electoral commission consisting of five senators, five representatives, and five justices. there would be five Repubs and five Democrats from Congress; the justices would be 2 Repubs, 2 Democrats, and 1 Independent. |
| How did the Special Electoral Commission vote? | the independent justice was elected to the Senate, and he resigned from the commisison. his place was given to a Republican justice, and the commission voted against straight party lines. by 1 vote, Hayes was awarded every disputed vote. |
| Why were compromises made in the "Compromise of 1877"? | a Democrat filibuster threatened to ruin the commission's report, so Republican senators met with S Democrats in order to work out terms by which the Democrats would support Hayes |
| What compromises between Repubs/Democrats were made in the "Compromise of 1877"? | at least one southerner would be appointed to the cabinet; Democrats would have control of federal patronage in their areas; there would be generous internal improvements; federal aid for the TX and Pacific Railroad; withdrawal of troops from the S. |
| Why did Democrats extract so many compromises including promises of funding for industrialization and internal improvements? | they believed that Republican programs of federal support for business and industry would help the south develop economically |
| What did Hayes do soon after his inaugural address? | he withdrew federal troops from the south and allowed Democrats to take control of the remaining state governments |
| What did Hayes and his party hope to do, and why did it fail? | they hoped to build a "new Republican" organization in the South that was committed to modest support for black rights; resentment of Reconstruction throughout the S was so deep that it was politically impossible for them to support any Republican ideas |
| What were the lasting contributions of Reconstruction? | significant redistribution of income; limited but important redistribution of landownership; large and successful effort by blacks to carve out a society and culture of their own and to create/strengthen their own institutions |
| Why was Reconstruction not as disastrous for the S as white elites believed? | within 10yrs, the white S regained control of its own institutions and restored its traditional ruling class to power; the federal government imposed no ddrastic economic reforms on the region; other than abolition, no lasting political changes were made |
| What was the biggest limit of Reconstruction? | the US had failed in its first serious effort to resolve the problem of race; this failure so disillusioned white Americans that it would be nearly a century before they would try again to combat racial injustice |
| Why were the gains made by blacks during Reconstruction important? | they served as the basis for a "Second Reconstruction" in the 1960s civil rights movement, especially the 14th/15th Amendments |
Created by:
nickyvee
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