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Unit 12 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Election of 1860 | The election that led the southern states to leave the Union and form the Confederacy |
| Fort Sumter | The first shots of the Civil War were fired here |
| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederate States of America |
| Border States | Slave states that remained in the Union during the Civil War |
| Border States | Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware and eventually West Virginia |
| John C. Breckinridge | Southern Democratic candidate in the Election of 1860 |
| Stephen Douglas | Northern Democratic candidate in the Election of 1860 |
| Abraham Lincoln | Republican candidate and winner of the Election of 1860 |
| Abraham Lincoln | Opposed the spread of slavery into the territories |
| John Bell | Presidential candidate in 1860 for the Constitutional Union Party |
| John Bell | Stood for a peaceful compromise to hold the Union together in 1860 |
| First Bull Run | First major battle of the Civil War; Southern victory; showed that the war could be long and costly for both sides |
| Anaconda Plan | Union strategy for winning the war; blockade the South, divide the Confederacy, and capture Richmond, the Confederate States' Capital |
| Winfield Scott | Union general that was old, but he came up with the Anaconda Plan |
| Blockade | To prevent a nation from trading or communicating with another nation by sea |
| Shiloh | Battle in southwestern Tennessee that shocked the country with its heavy casualties |
| Antietam | Fought in Maryland, it is the single bloodiest day in American history |
| Antietam | Battle that stopped the first Confederate invasion to the North |
| Antietam | After this battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation |
| Gettysburg | Turning point of the Civil War, stopped Lee’s second invasion of the North |
| Gettysburg | Battle that convinced England and France to not ally with the South |
| Gettysburg | Confederate army suffered so many casualties at this battle, they could not invade the north again |
| Vicksburg | Capture of this city led to the Union capturing the Mississippi River |
| Vicksburg | Battle that officially divided the Confederacy in half |
| Vicksburg | Grant won this siege on July 4, thus officially dividing the Confederacy in half |
| March to the Sea | The Union army led by William Sherman waged total war on the people of Georgia to break their will to support the Confederate army |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | Union general that used total warfare to destroy property, livestock and transportation systems to force the Southern people to surrender |
| Appomattox Courthouse | Lee and the Confederate Army officially surrendered to Grant and the Union army at his place on April 9, 1865 |
| David Farragut | Union admiral from Tennessee, responsible for the blockade of the Confederacy |
| Nathan Bedford Forrest | Confederate cavalry commander that used guerilla warfare on the Union army Mississippi and Tennessee |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Union commander that finally defeated Robert E. Lee and won the war |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Won the battles of Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg and Chattanooga for the Union |
| Robert E. Lee | Confederate General responsible for the forces defending Richmond |
| Robert E. Lee | Won the Seven Days Battles, Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville |
| Stonewall Jackson | Confederate General that saved the day at the First Bull Run and earned a famous nickname |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Order issued by Lincoln that officially, freed the slaves in the Confederate states but not the border states |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Officially allowed African Americans to enlist and fight in the US army |
| Gettysburg Address | Brief speech given by Abraham Lincoln that summed up the goals of the war and honored the dead |
| 54th Massachusetts | The first all-black regiment to fight in the Union Army |
| Nashville | The 13th Colored Troops helped to destroy the Confederate Army in Tennessee at his battle |
| Sam Watkins | A soldier from Clarksville that kept a journal about his experiences in the Confederate army |
| Elisha Hunt Rhodes | He kept a diary about life as a soldier in the Union Army |
| Fort Wagner | The 54th Massachusetts showed their bravery and earned the respect of the Union army when they changed this fort |
| Henry and Donelson | The capture of these 2 forts helped the Union control the Tennessee River system |
| John Wilkes Booth | Southerner that assassinated President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre |
| 13th Amendment | Officially abolished slavery in the United States of America |
| 14th Amendment | Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection under the law for African Americans |
| 15th Amendment | Gave African American men the right to vote |
| 10 Percent Plan | The name of Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction, it was lenient and made it easy for the southern states to rejoin the Union |
| Andrew Johnson | Democrat from Tennessee; he was Lincoln’s vice-president and became president after his assassination |
| Andrew Johnson | His plan for reconstruction was too lenient, encouraged states to pass black codes; vetoed legislation passed by Congress |
| Radical Republicans | Group of Congressmen whose Reconstruction plan was too harsh on the South; they also impeached Andrew Johnson |
| Black Codes | Laws passed by individual states to limit the rights and freedoms of African Americans |
| Military Reconstruction Act | Law passed by Congress that divided the southern states into five military districts until they ratified the 14th and 15th Amendments |
| Freedmen's Bureau | Government agency that was created to help newly freedmen and poor whites with jobs, medical and education |
| Poll Tax | State law that requires citizens to pay a fee before they are able to vote |
| Tenure of Office Act | Law passed by Congress and vetoed by Andrew Johnson that said he had to get Congress’ permission to fire any member of his cabinet |
| Impeachment | To formally charge the president with a crime; a trial is then held in the Senate |
| Freedmen | Slaves that had been freed by the 13th Amendment |
| Segregation | The separation of blacks and whites in public places like bathrooms and schools |
| Jim Crow Laws | Laws passed by the southern states that enforced the segregation of public places |
| William Brownlow | Republican governor of Tennessee during Reconstruction, he was very hard on southerners that fought and served with the Confederacy; also owned his own newspaper |
| Vigilante | A person that takes justice into their own hands and punishes others without a trial or due process |
| Carpetbaggers | Northerners that moved south to help out with or profit from Reconstruction |
| Scalawags | A southerner that were Republicans during the Reconstruction, often targets of violence |
| Compromise of 1877 | Agreement that officially ended Reconstruction |
| Compromise of 1877 | Deal made between Democrats and Republicans in which Rutherford B. Hayes was made president in exchange for Union troops being removed from the Southern states |
| Rutherford B. Hayes | Republican president that officially ended Reconstruction in 1877 |
| Reconstruction | Time period from 1865-1877 following the Civil War in which the south was rebuilt politically, economically, and socially |
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