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Changes in post WW2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| conformity | Behaving and believing the narrow, socially accepted standards; common in the 1950s |
| Consumerism | Social norms that encourage buying many new goods and services, even if it means taking on debt |
| Interstate Highways | A system of highways created by President Eisenhower that connected the US; led to fast food restaurants, malls, hotels, and more conformity in society |
| Levittown | Large, mass produced suburban developments built after WWII; Were attractive places to live compared to the cities, but were also often discriminatory |
| GI Bill | Bill passed after WWII that provided tuition, housing, business, and unemployment assistance to veterans |
| Urban Sprawl | The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and rural undeveloped areas. |
| Redlining | the process of refusing (a loan or home insurance) to someone, usually minorities/people of color because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk |
| White Flight | a movement that began in the 1950's where middle-class white Americans fled to suburbs leaving inner cities to decay to escape racial minorities |
| The Baby Boom | individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, the larger than expected generation 75 million after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity and allowed better education and job opportunities |
| Advances in Medicine | new innovations in medicine, such as polio vaccine and other antibiotics, helped with the baby boom of the 1960s as well as longer lives |
| Fair Deal | Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing |
| Rust Belt | was once the hub of American industry in the northeastern and midwestern states of the U.S. It became noted for the abandonment of factories, unemployment, outmigration and overall decline. |
| Sun Belt | is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest. The region is noted for its mild winter, frequent sunny skies, and growing economic opportunities. |
| Executive Order 9981 | Issued by President Truman in 1948, it ended segregation in the armed forces |
| Segregation | The enforced separation of racial groups, especially African Americans in the US |
| De Jure Segregation | Segregation by law |
| De Facto Segregation | Segregation in practice |
| Integration | The process of desegregating public facilities |
| Civil disobedience | Protest tactic promoted by MLK Jr and others that involved breaking laws in a peaceful, nonviolent way and accepting punishments to draw attention to the unfairness of the law itself |
| Martin Luther King Jr | Mainstream Civil Rights leader who led the SCLC and was active in many major civil rights protests; was assassinated in 1968 |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | Boycott of the bus system in Montgomery, Alabama; "Sparked" by Rosa Parks, it involved significant planning and sacrifice from both the black and white community in Montgomery; led to desegregation of the bus system |
| Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas | Supreme Court decision that ended segregation in public schools, ruling that, "Separate is inherently unequal" |
| Little Rock Nine Nine | African-American students who tried to attend Central High School after the Brown vs. Board decision; led to significant protests and a showdown between the Governor and President Eisenhower, who ultimately used federal troops to allow the students into s |
| SCLC | (Southern Christian leadership Conference) Civil rights organization led by MLK Jr; Involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott and other major civil rights events |
| CORE | (Congress of Racial Equity) Civil rights organization founded by James Farmer and others; Involved in the Freedom Rides and other major civil rights events |
| James Farmer | One of the founders of CORE, helped organize the Freedom Rides |
| SNCC | (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), Student organization created by Ella Baker, also led by Diane Nash; Involved in the Freedom Summer and later broke off from the mainstream civil rights movement |
| Diane Nash | One of the founders of SNCC, led efforts in sit-ins and freedom rides, among many other things 21. Sit-Ins A form of civil disobedience in which people occupy a space (like lunch counters) where they are not allowed; were often met with heckling and viole |
| Freedom Rides | Protest method in which activists rode integrated buses from the north to the south to push for enforcement of a Supreme Court case ending segregation in interstate travel; were met with violence, including baseball bats and bombs |
| Project C in Birmingham | "Confrontation"; Campaign in Birmingham in which the SCLC staged sit-ins and marches to provoke a response from the police; were met with fire hoses, attack dogs, and jail |
| March on Washington | Large Civil Rights march held for "Jobs and Freedom" in DC; Dr. King gave the "I have a dream" speech and the march influenced the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
| Freedom Summer | Campaign in which young people went to Mississippi to register African-Americans to vote; hundreds were arrested, 80 workers were beaten, churches and homes were burned, and at least 7 people were killed |
| Selma to Montgomery | Marches Protest marches held to demonstrate for voting rights; included Bloody Sunday |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Civil rights legislation that outlawed discrimination in public places and employment and strengthened other civil rights laws |
| 24th Amendment | Constitutional amendment that banned the use of poll taxes in voting |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Civil rights legislation that protected voting rights by banning literacy tests and allowing the federal government to enforce voting laws in certain states |
| Malcolm X | Civil rights leader who initially supported black supremacy and separatism, but later softened his views; was assassinated in 1965 |
| Kennedy/Nixon Debate | First televised Presidential debate in US History; It is believed that those who watched the debate on TV believed the better-looking Kennedy had won, while those who listened on the radio believed Nixon was the winner |
| The Black Panther Party | Black nationalist party formed in Oakland; promoted citizen patrols of black neighborhoods, community social programs, but also became involved in some criminal enterprises |
| Women's Rights Movement | Civil rights movement that promoted equality for women in employment, household matters, and the media; Included NOW and a failed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) |
| Chicano Movement | Civil rights movement that fought against discrimination in education, employment, and the legal system for Mexican Americans and other Latino groups |
| United Farm Workers Union | formed by Cesar Chavez that fought for better pay and working conditions for migrant farm workers; included a protest against grape growers |
| Asian-American Movement | Civil rights movement that focused on compensation for Japanese internment and discrimination against Asian Americans |
| Disabled Rights Movement | Civil rights movement that focused on rights for Americans with disabilities in employment, public transportation, and schools |
| Gay Liberation Movement | Civil rights movement that raised awareness of violence against homosexuals; also fought for marriage rights, culminating in the Obergefell v. Hodges Supreme Court case |
| Native American Movement | Civil rights movement that drew attention to horrible living conditions on reservations, as well as broken treaties and education rights |
| The Great Society | Series of programs promoted by President Johnson aimed at improving life for the poorest Americans |
| Medicare | Government sponsored healthcare for older adults |
| Medicaid | Government sponsored healthcare for low-income families |
| Head Start | Government sponsored preschool education program for children from low-income families |
| VISTA | Government volunteer organization that brought young adults into impoverished communities within the US |
| Job Corps Government | program that provided job training, housing, and other assistance to young adults |
| Federal Food Assistance | Government program that provides food assistance to low-income families in the US |
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