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Unit 5 Agriculture
AP Human Geography
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| topography | the physical arrangement of the Earth's surface |
| climate | the average pattern of weather over a 30-year period in a specific region |
| tropical wet climate | a climate located along the equator that experiences rain every day of the year |
| monsoon | seasonal reversal of onshore winds and rain during summer and offshore winds in winter |
| Mediterranean climate | a climate with mild winters, abundant sunshine along the Med. Sea region and a few west coast locations |
| Intensive Agriculture | crop cultivation and livestock raising that use high levels of labor and capital relative to the size of land used |
| Extensive Agriculture | crop cultivation and livestock raising that require little hired labor or monetary investment, but large tracts of land |
| Subsistence farming | food production primarily consumed by the farming family and local community |
| Commercial farming | food production exclusively for exports to the marketplace |
| Market gardening | small-scale farming of fruits/vegetables for sale in local and regional markets |
| Truck farming | market gardening with more acreage, less diversity, for sale in distant markets requiring transportation systems |
| Plantation | large landholding devoted to capital intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop for the global marketplace |
| Mixed crop/livestock agriculture | a diversified system of growing cereal grains, root crops, that are used to feed the herd livestock |
| Root crops | crops lie cassava, potato, and yam that form below ground and must be dug up at maturity |
| Cash crop | a crop sold for profit, such as tea, coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco |
| Feedlot | fenced enclosures used for intensive farming that limits livestock movement to encourage weight gain |
| dairy farming | farming that utilizes livestock to produce milk and various by-products such as yogurt, butter, and cheese |
| Shifting cultivation | growing crops on land until it becomes less productive (3-5 years), then moving on to new plots prepared by slash-n-burn |
| Intercropping | the practice of planting multiple crops together in the same area |
| Pastoralism | system of breeding livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, by following the seasonal rainfalls to areas of open pastoral lands |
| Tundra | the vast, treeless arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and N. America where the soil is permanently frozen |
| Silo | a round or square like structure that stores grains and feed awaiting transportation to markets |
| Linear settlement patterns | pattern of buildings that follow the contours of a river or road |
| Metes and Bounds | system that uses natural features like trees, boulders, and streams to delineate property boundaries |
| Township and Range | system that divides the territory into a grid square pattern |
| Long-lot | system of settlement into long, rectangular patterns |
| Hearth | a center of innovation or development from which it spreads or diffuses elsewhere |
| Columbian Exchange | the transfer of plants, diseases, animals, ideas, & human populations between the Americas and the Old World of Europe and West Africa |
| 2nd Agricultural Revolution | improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage using new technologies that began in 1600s and lasted until 1945 |
| Green Revolution | the development of high-yield seeds, herbicides, pesticides, and Genetically Modified Organisms to produce more food that is resistant to drought and disease, for use in less developed countries |
| herbicides | designed to kill or control the growth of weeds |
| pesticides | designed to kill or repel crop-destroying insects or animals |
| crossbreeding | the mixing of different varieties of crops or animals to produce hybrids that contain the best characteristics of each species |
| hybrid | the off-spring of two plants or animals that was intentionally designed for specific characteristics |
| multicropping | planting two or more crops per year on the same land, made possible by new hybrids that mature faster |
| negative consequences of the Green Revolution | expenses, loss of diversity, environmental pollution, consumption of fragile groundwater sources |
| impact on labor of the Green Revolution | reduction in manual labor requirements, unemployment, high debt, migration and rise of urban poor |
| soil salinization | the concentration of dissolved salt into the soil as a result of poor drainage, resulting in toxicity to crops |
| Bid-Rent Theory | the concept that the demand and price for land is higher close to the CBD and decreases with distance |
| capital (economic) | the land, machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides and seeds needed to start/maintain a business in agriculture |
| Monocropping | the cultivation of a single crop on extensive tracts of land |
| Agriculture Co-op | organization of farmers who pool their resources in a certain production to save costs |
| Commodity | a primary product that can be bought and sold such as rice, coffee , milk |
| Commodity Chain | series of linking industries that include production, transportation, and consumption of a product |
| Agribusiness | a large corporation that provides a vast array of goods and services in the agriculture industry |
| Von Thunen Model | model of rings that combine the Bid-Rent theory with transportation costs to explain what types of agriculture are practiced at each stage- has become less accurate with improvements in transportation over time |
| Global Supply Chain | agribusiness organized at the global scale that includes all aspects of agriculture: growing, harvesting, processing, transporting, marketing, and consuming food |
| Subsidies | government provided guarantees of prices for staple crops (main foods for consumption like grains/milk) |
Created by:
wm0397
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