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Unit 5 Vocabulary
AP Human Geography
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agribusiness | The integration of various steps of production in the food-processing industry. |
| Aquaculture | The practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in the water. |
| Arable Land | Land that is capable of producing food; suitable for farming. |
| Bid-Rent Theory | The theory that when something is in high demand, it is going to cost more. Land value and rents are higher closer to the central market due to scarcity. |
| Biodiversity | The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. |
| Carrying Capacity | The maximum number of people that an environment can support. |
| Clustered Settlement | A rural settlement pattern where family homes and farm buildings are located close together, with farmland surrounding them. |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas following the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. |
| Commercial Agriculture | When crops are grown for profit rather than personal consumption. |
| Community-Supported Agriculture | Plots of land used for growing food that are farmed collectively and used to benefit the whole community. |
| Crop Rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil. |
| Dairy Farming | Raising cattle for the purpose of harvesting milk. |
| Deforestation | The removal of large tracts of forest by natural or manmade means. |
| Desertification | The transition of land from fertile to desert. |
| Dispersed Settlement | A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages. |
| Distance Decay | A geographical theory that states that the interaction between two places decreases as the distance between them increases. |
| Domestication | Raising plants and animals for human use. |
| Double Cropping | The planting and harvesting of the same parcel of land twice a year. |
| Enclosure Acts | A series of laws enacted by the British Government that enclosed and sold land to private owners that had previously been common land used by peasant farmers. |
| Extensive Farming | Agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the amount of space being used. |
| Fair Trade Movement | An effort to promote higher incomes for farmers, particularly in developing countries, and to protect workers' rights. |
| Feedlot | Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a fast rate. |
| Fertile Crescent | A bountiful region of land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East. |
| Fertilizer | A chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility. |
| Food Desert | A community where there is no access to fresh, healthy, affordable food options because there is a lack of food or grocery stores or farmers markets. |
| Genetically Modified Organisms | A crop whose genetic structure has been altered to make it more useful for human purposes. |
| Grain Farming | Growing Grains, primarily wheat, for human consumption. |
| Green Revolution | The development of higher-yielding disease-resistant, faster-growing varieties of crops. |
| Horticulture | A type of agriculture that produces perishable items that farmers need to get to the market quickly. |
| Intensive Farming | Agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the amount of space being used. |
| Irrigation | The process of diverting water from its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops. |
| Linear Settlement | A rural settlement pattern in which farms clustered along a road or river with fields behind them. |
| Long Lot | A rural survey method used by the French and in regions of North America previously colonized by the French that involves long rectangular plots of farmland along rivers that have equal access to the water. |
| Luxury Crops | Crops that are not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin. |
| Market Gardening | Growing fruits and vegetables primarily for the purpose of freezing and canning. |
| Mediterranean Farming | Agriculture practiced in regions with hot dry summers and mild winters, narrow valleys, and simple vegetation systems. |
| Metes & Bounds | A rural survey method where land is divided based on the features of the physical landscape and distance and direction. |
| Mixed Crop Livestock Farming | An integrated system where crops grown are used to feed the livestock on the same farm. |
| Monoculture | Specializing in the growing of a single crop in a given area. |
| Neolithic Revolution | The origin of farming (first agriculture revolution), marked by the initial domestication of plants and animals. |
| Organic Food | Food produced without the use of pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, or other unnatural processes. |
| Pastoral Nomadism | The movement of herds of animals to different pastures within a territory. |
| Pesticides | A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms that are harmful to cultivated plants or animals. |
| Plantation farming | Large commercial farming specializing in one crop. |
| Ranching | The commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | Beginning in the 1700s, the advances of the Industrial Revolution were used to increase food supplies. |
| Shifting Cultivation | Farming that involves moving crops from one field to another, clearing the land by burning the vegetation. |
| Soil Degradation | When soil loses its ability to support plant growth and is more easily eroded by wind or water. |
| Soil Salinization | When soil in an arid climate has been irrigated for use as farmland and the water evaporates, leaving salt residue behind that eventually causes the land to become infertile. |
| Subsistence Agriculture | When farmers grow food crops to feed themselves and their famlies |
| Suitcase Farm | A farm on which no one lives and the planting and harvesting is performed by farmers who live nearby or by migrant workers. |
| Sustainability | Use of the Earth's resources in a way that ensures their availability for future generations to use as well. |
| Terrace Farming | When humans build a series of steps into the side of a hill, creating flat surfaces for the purpose of agriculture. |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | The revolution that began in the 1960's and included the Green Revolution. It was marked by an agribusiness model and involved better and more efficient farming equipment and practices |
| Township & Range | A rural survey method where land is divided using latitude and longitude. Land is split into large squares that can be subsequently divided into smaller squares. |
| Urban Agriculture | The practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around towns or cities. |
| Von Thunen's Land Use Model | An economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods. |
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